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<H2><A NAME="Miscellaneous information and questions answered."></A> <A NAME="s8">8. Miscellaneous information and questions answered. </A></H2>

<P>-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<P>
<H2><A NAME="How do I program XYZ under Linux?"></A> <A NAME="ss8.1">8.1 How do I program XYZ under Linux? </A>
</H2>

<P>Read the manuals, or a good book on Unix.  Manual pages (type ``man
man'') are usually a good source of reference information on exactly
how to use a particular command or function.
<P>There is also a lot of GNU Info documentation, which is often more
useful as a tutorial.  Run Emacs and type C-h i, or type info info if
you don't have or don't like Emacs.  Note that the Emacs libc node may
not exactly describe the latest Linux libc, or GNU glibc2.  
But the GNU progject and LDP are always looking for volunteers to
upgrade their library documentation.
<P>Anyway, between the existing Texinfo documentation, and the manual
pages in sections 2 and 3, should provide enough information to get
started.  
<P>As with all free software, the best tutorial is the source code
itself.
<P>The latest release of the Linux manual pages, a collection of useful
GNU Info documentation, and various other information related to
programming Linux, can be found on sunsite.unc.edu in
/pub/Linux/docs/man-pages.
<P>-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<P>
<H2><A NAME="What's all this about ELF?"></A> <A NAME="ss8.2">8.2 What's all this about ELF? </A>
</H2>

<P>See the ELF HOWTO by Daniel Barlow--note, this is not the file
move-to-elf, which is a blow-by-blow account of how to upgrade to ELF
manually.
<P>Linux has two different formats for executables, object files, and
object code libraries, known as, ``ELF.''  (The old format is called
`a.out'.)  They have advantages, including better support for shared
libraries and dynamic linking.
<P>Both a.out and ELF binaries can coexist on a system.  However, they use
different shared C libraries, both of which have to be installed.
<P>If you want to find out whether your system can run ELF binaries, look
in <CODE>/lib</CODE> for a file named, ``<CODE>libc.so.5</CODE>.''  If it's
there, you probably have ELF libraries.  If you want to know whether
your installation actually is ELF you can pick a representative
program, like <CODE>ls</CODE>, and run <CODE>file</CODE> on it:
<PRE>
-chiark:~> file /bin/ls
/bin/ls: Linux/i386 impure executable (OMAGIC) - stripped

valour:~> file /bin/ls
/bin/ls: ELF 32-bit LSB executable, Intel 80386, version 1, stripped
</PRE>

There is a patch to get 1.2.x to compile using the ELF compilers, and
produce ELF core dumps, at tsx-11.mit.edu in /pub/packages/GCC/.  You
do not need the patch merely to run ELF binaries.  1.3.x and later do
not need the patch at all.
<P>-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<P>
<H2><A NAME="What is a .gz file ? And a .tgz ? And ... ?"></A> <A NAME="ss8.3">8.3 What is a .gz file ? And a .tgz ? And ... ? </A>
</H2>

<P>.gz (and .z) files are compressed using GNU gzip.  You need to use
gunzip (which is a symlink to the gzip command which comes with most
Linux installations) to unpack the file.
<P>.taz and .tz are tar files (made with Unix tar) compressed using standard
Unix compress.
<P>.tgz (or .tpz) is a tar file compressed with gzip.
<P>.lsm is a Linux Software Map entry, in the form of a short text file.
Details about the LSM and the LSM itself are available in the docs
subdirectory on sunsite.unc.edu.
<P>.deb is a Debian Binary Package - the binary package format used by the
Debian GNU/Linux distribution.  It is manipulated using dpkg and dpkg-deb
(available on Debian systems and from ftp.debian.org).
<P>.rpm is a Red Hat RPM package, which is used in the Red Hat distribution.
They can be found on ftp.redhat.com.
<P>.bz2 is a file compressed by the more recent bzip program.
<P>The ``file'' command can often tell you what a file is.
<P>If you find that gzip complains when you try to uncompress a gzip'ed file
you probably downloaded it in ASCII mode by mistake.  You must download
most things in binary mode--remember to type binary as a command in FTP
before using, ``get,'' to get the file.
<P>-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<P>
<H2><A NAME="What does VFS stand for?"></A> <A NAME="ss8.4">8.4 What does VFS stand for? </A>
</H2>

<P>Virtual File System.  It's the abstraction layer between the user and real
file systems like ext2, Minix and MS-DOS.  Among other things, its job is
to flush the read buffer when it detects a disk change on the floppy disk
drive.
<PRE>
VFS: Disk change detected on device 2/0
</PRE>
<P>-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<P>
<H2><A NAME="What is a BogoMip?"></A> <A NAME="ss8.5">8.5 What is a BogoMip? </A>
</H2>

<P>``BogoMips'' is a contraction of ``Bogus MIPS.''  MIPS stands for
(depending who you listen to) Millions of Instructions per Second, or
Meaningless Indication of Processor Speed.
<P>The number printed at boot time is the result of a kernel timing
calibration, used for very short delay loops by some device drivers.
<P>As a very rough guide, the BogoMips rating for your machine will be
approximately:
<PRE>
     386SX              clock * 0.14
     386DX              clock * 0.18
     486Cyrix/IBM       clock * 0.33
     486SX/DX/DX2       clock * 0.50
     586                clock * 0.39
</PRE>

If the number is wildly lower, you may have the Turbo button or CPU
speed set incorrectly, or have some kind of caching problem (as
described in 
``
<A HREF="Linux-FAQ-6.html#When I add more memory, the system slows to a crawl.">When I add more memory, the system slows to a crawl.</A>
.'')
<P>For values people have seen with other, rarer, chips, see the BogoMips
Mini-HOWTO, on sunsite.unc.edu in /pub/Linux/docs/howto/mini/BogoMips/.
<P>-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<P>
<H2><A NAME="What is the Linux Journal and where can I get it?"></A> <A NAME="ss8.6">8.6 What is the Linux Journal and where can I get it? </A>
</H2>

<P>The Linux Journal is a monthly magazine (printed on paper) that is
available on news stands and via subscription worldwide. Email
<A HREF="mailto:linux@ssc.com">linux@ssc.com</A> for details.
Their URL is 
<A HREF="http://www.ssc.com/">http://www.ssc.com/</A>.
<P>-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<P>
<H2><A NAME="What online/free periodicals exist for Linux?"></A> <A NAME="ss8.7">8.7 What online/free periodicals exist for Linux? </A>
</H2>

<P>There are a number of recent additions to the list of periodicals
devoted to Linux.
<UL>
<LI>Linux Gazette. 
<A HREF="http://www.linuxgazette.com">http://www.linuxgazette.com</A>.</LI>
<LI>Linux Weekly News. 
<A HREF="http://www.lwn.net">http://www.lwn.net</A>.</LI>
<LI>Slashdot. 
<A HREF="http://www.slashdot.org">http://www.slashdot.org</A>.</LI>
<LI>Freshmeat. 
<A HREF="http://www.freshmeat.org">http://www.freshmeat.org</A>.</LI>
</UL>
<P>[Jim Dennis, Robert Kiesling]
<P>-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<P>
<P>
<H2><A NAME="How many people use Linux?"></A> <A NAME="ss8.8">8.8 How many people use Linux? </A>
</H2>

<P>Linux is freely available, and no one is required to register their
copy with any central authority, so it is difficult to know.  Several
businesses survive solely on selling and supporting Linux.  The Linux
newsgroups are some of the most heavily read on Usenet, so the number
is likely in the hundreds of thousands.  Accurate numbers probably
don't exist.
<P>However, one brave soul, Harald T. Alvestrand, 
<A HREF="mailto:Harald.T.Alvestrand@uninett.no">Harald.T.Alvestrand@uninett.no</A>, has decided to try, and asks
that if you use Linux, send a message to 
<A HREF="mailto:linux-counter@uninett.no">linux-counter@uninett.no</A>
with one of the following subjects: ``I use Linux at home,'' ``I use
Linux at work,'' or, ``I use Linux at home and at work.''  He will
also accept `third party' registrations--ask him for details.
<P>Alternatively, you can register using the WWW forms found at
<A HREF="http://domen.uninett.no/~hta/linux/counter.html">http://domen.uninett.no/~hta/linux/counter.html</A>.
<P>He posts his counts to aun.uninett.no in /pub/misc/linux-counter/ or at
the web page above.
<P>-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<P>
<H2><A NAME="How should I pronounce Linux?"></A> <A NAME="ss8.9">8.9 How should I pronounce Linux? </A>
</H2>

<P>This is a matter of religious debate, of course!
<P>If you want to hear Linus himself say how he pronounces it, download
english.au or swedish.au from ftp.funet.fi (in
/pub/Linux/PEOPLE/Linus/SillySounds/).  If you have a sound card or the
PC-speaker audio driver you can hear them by typing
<PRE>
cat english.au >/dev/audio
</PRE>

The difference isn't in the pronunciation of Linux but in the language
Linus uses to say, ``hello.''  
<P>For the benefit of those who don't have the equipment or inclination:
Linus pronounces Linux approximately as Leenus, where the ``ee'' is
pronounced as in ``feet,'' but rather shorter, and the ``u'' is
like a much shorter version of the French ``eu'' sound in ``peur''
(pronouncing it as the ``u'' in ``put'' is probably passable).
<P>===============================================================================
<P>
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