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   <title>ImageMagick - Image Processing and Display Package</title>
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<br>&nbsp;
<table BORDER=0 WIDTH="100%" >
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<td ALIGN=LEFT BGCOLOR="#52799E"><img SRC="../images/right_triangle.png" ALT=">" BORDER=0 height=14 width=15><b><font face="Helvetica, Arial"><font color="#FFFFFF"><font size=+1>Contents</font></font></font></b></td>
</tr>
</table>

<ul>
<li>
<a href="#syno">Synopsis</a></li>

<li>
<a href="#desc">Description</a></li>

<li>
<a href="#exam">Examples</a></li>

<li>
<a href="#opti">Options</a></li>

<li>
<a href="#mous">Mouse Buttons</a></li>

<li>
<a href="#comm">Command Widget</a></li>

<li>
<a href="#keyb">Keyboard Accelerators</a></li>

<li>
<a href="#xres">X Resources</a></li>

<li>
<a href="#imlo">Image Loading</a></li>

<li>
<a href="#visu">Visual Image Directory</a></li>

<li>
<a href="#imcu">Image Cutting</a></li>

<li>
<a href="#imco">Image Copying</a></li>

<li>
<a href="#impas">Image Pasting</a></li>

<li>
<a href="#imcr">Image Cropping</a></li>

<li>
<a href="#imch">Image Chopping</a></li>

<li>
<a href="#imro">Image Rotation</a></li>

<li>
<a href="#segm">Image Segmentation</a></li>

<li>
<a href="#iman">Image Annotation</a></li>

<li>
<a href="#imcomp">Image Compositing</a></li>

<li>
<a href="#cole">Color Editing</a></li>

<li>
<a href="#matt">Matte (Transparent Channel) Editing</a></li>

<li>
<a href="#imdr">Image Drawing</a></li>

<li>
<a href="#regi">Region of Interest</a></li>

<li>
<a href="#impa">Image Panning</a></li>

<li>
<a href="#impa">User Preferences</a></li>

<li>
<a href="#envi">Environment</a></li>

<li>
<a href="#ackn">Acknowledgement</a></li>

<li>
<a href="#auth">Authors</a></li>

<li>
<a href="#copy">Copyright</a></li>
</ul>

<dl>&nbsp;
<table BORDER=0 WIDTH="100%" >
<tr>
<td ALIGN=LEFT BGCOLOR="#52799E"><img SRC="../images/right_triangle.png" ALT=">" BORDER=0 height=14 width=15><b><font face="Helvetica, Arial"><font color="#FFFFFF"><font size=+1>Synopsis</font></font></font></b></td>
</tr>
</table>

<dd>
<b>display</b> <b>[</b> <i>options</i> <b>...]</b> <i>file</i> <b>[</b><i>options</i><b>...]</b><i>file</i></dd>
</dl>
<a href="#top">Back to Contents</a>
<br>&nbsp;
<br>&nbsp;
<dl><a NAME="desc"></a>
<table BORDER=0 WIDTH="100%" >
<tr>
<td ALIGN=LEFT BGCOLOR="#52799E"><img SRC="../images/right_triangle.png" ALT=">" BORDER=0 height=14 width=15><b><font face="Helvetica, Arial"><font color="#FFFFFF"><font size=+1>Description</font></font></font></b></td>
</tr>
</table>

<dd>
<a href="../images/screen.png">Display</a> is a machine architecture independent
image processing and display program. It can display an image on any workstation
screen running an X server. <b>Display</b> can read and write
<b>many</b>
of the more popular image <a href="formats.html">formats</a> (e.g. <b>JPEG</b>,
<b>TIFF</b>,
<b>PNM</b>,
<b>Photo
CD</b>, etc.).</dd>

<br>&nbsp;
<p>&nbsp;
<p>With <b>display</b>, you can perform these functions on an image:
<dl>
<dd>
<img SRC="../images/ball.png" ALT="*" > load an image from a file</dd>

<dd>
<img SRC="../images/ball.png" ALT="*" > display the next image</dd>

<dd>
<img SRC="../images/ball.png" ALT="*" > display the former image</dd>

<dd>
<img SRC="../images/ball.png" ALT="*" > display a sequence of images as
a slide show</dd>

<dd>
<img SRC="../images/ball.png" ALT="*" > write the image to a file</dd>

<dd>
<img SRC="../images/ball.png" ALT="*" > print the image to a
<i>PostScript</i>
printer</dd>

<dd>
<img SRC="../images/ball.png" ALT="*" > delete the image file</dd>

<dd>
<img SRC="../images/ball.png" ALT="*" > create a Visual Image Directory</dd>

<dd>
<img SRC="../images/ball.png" ALT="*" > select the image to display by
its thumbnail rather</dd>

<dd>
<img SRC="../images/ball.png" ALT="*" > than name</dd>

<dd>
<img SRC="../images/ball.png" ALT="*" > undo last image transformation</dd>

<dd>
<img SRC="../images/ball.png" ALT="*" > copy a region of the image</dd>

<dd>
<img SRC="../images/ball.png" ALT="*" > paste a region to the image</dd>

<dd>
<img SRC="../images/ball.png" ALT="*" > restore the image to its original
size</dd>

<dd>
<img SRC="../images/ball.png" ALT="*" > refresh the image</dd>

<dd>
<img SRC="../images/ball.png" ALT="*" > half the image size</dd>

<dd>
<img SRC="../images/ball.png" ALT="*" > double the image size</dd>

<dd>
<img SRC="../images/ball.png" ALT="*" > resize the image</dd>

<dd>
<img SRC="../images/ball.png" ALT="*" > crop the image</dd>

<dd>
<img SRC="../images/ball.png" ALT="*" > cut the image</dd>

<dd>
<img SRC="../images/ball.png" ALT="*" > flop image in the horizontal direction</dd>

<dd>
<img SRC="../images/ball.png" ALT="*" > flip image in the vertical direction</dd>

<dd>
<img SRC="../images/ball.png" ALT="*" > rotate the image 90 degrees clockwise</dd>

<dd>
<img SRC="../images/ball.png" ALT="*" > rotate the image 90 degrees counter-clockwise</dd>

<dd>
<img SRC="../images/ball.png" ALT="*" > rotate the image</dd>

<dd>
<img SRC="../images/ball.png" ALT="*" > shear the image</dd>

<dd>
<img SRC="../images/ball.png" ALT="*" > roll the image</dd>

<dd>
<img SRC="../images/ball.png" ALT="*" > trim the image edges</dd>

<dd>
<img SRC="../images/ball.png" ALT="*" > invert the colors of the image</dd>

<dd>
<img SRC="../images/ball.png" ALT="*" > vary the color brightness</dd>

<dd>
<img SRC="../images/ball.png" ALT="*" > vary the color saturation</dd>

<dd>
<img SRC="../images/ball.png" ALT="*" > vary the image hue</dd>

<dd>
<img SRC="../images/ball.png" ALT="*" > gamma correct the image</dd>

<dd>
<img SRC="../images/ball.png" ALT="*" > sharpen the image contrast</dd>

<dd>
<img SRC="../images/ball.png" ALT="*" > dull the image contrast</dd>

<dd>
<img SRC="../images/ball.png" ALT="*" > perform histogram equalization
on the image</dd>

<dd>
<img SRC="../images/ball.png" ALT="*" > perform histogram normalization
on the image</dd>

<dd>
<img SRC="../images/ball.png" ALT="*" > negate the image colors</dd>

<dd>
<img SRC="../images/ball.png" ALT="*" > convert the image to grayscale</dd>

<dd>
<img SRC="../images/ball.png" ALT="*" > set the maximum number of unique
colors in the image</dd>

<dd>
<img SRC="../images/ball.png" ALT="*" > reduce the speckles within an image</dd>

<dd>
<img SRC="../images/ball.png" ALT="*" > eliminate peak noise from an image</dd>

<dd>
<img SRC="../images/ball.png" ALT="*" > detect edges within the image</dd>

<dd>
<img SRC="../images/ball.png" ALT="*" > emboss an image</dd>

<dd>
<img SRC="../images/ball.png" ALT="*" > segment the image by color</dd>

<dd>
<img SRC="../images/ball.png" ALT="*" > simulate an oil painting</dd>

<dd>
<img SRC="../images/ball.png" ALT="*" > simulate a charcoal drawing</dd>

<dd>
<img SRC="../images/ball.png" ALT="*" > annotate the image with text</dd>

<dd>
<img SRC="../images/ball.png" ALT="*" > draw on the image</dd>

<dd>
<img SRC="../images/ball.png" ALT="*" > edit an image pixel color</dd>

<dd>
<img SRC="../images/ball.png" ALT="*" > edit the image matte information</dd>

<dd>
<img SRC="../images/ball.png" ALT="*" > composite an image with another</dd>

<dd>
<img SRC="../images/ball.png" ALT="*" > add a border to the image</dd>

<dd>
<img SRC="../images/ball.png" ALT="*" > add a border to the image</dd>

<dd>
<img SRC="../images/ball.png" ALT="*" > surround image with an ornamental
border</dd>

<dd>
<img SRC="../images/ball.png" ALT="*" > apply image processing techniques
to a region of interest</dd>

<dd>
<img SRC="../images/ball.png" ALT="*" > display information about the image</dd>

<dd>
<img SRC="../images/ball.png" ALT="*" > zoom a portion of the image</dd>

<dd>
<img SRC="../images/ball.png" ALT="*" > show a histogram of the image</dd>

<dd>
<img SRC="../images/ball.png" ALT="*" > display image to background of
a window</dd>

<dd>
<img SRC="../images/ball.png" ALT="*" > set user preferences</dd>

<dd>
<img SRC="../images/ball.png" ALT="*" > display information about this
program</dd>

<dd>
<img SRC="../images/ball.png" ALT="*" > discard all images and exit program</dd>

<dd>
<img SRC="../images/ball.png" ALT="*" > change the level of magnification</dd>

<dd>
<img SRC="../images/ball.png" ALT="*" > display images specified by a World
Wide Web (WWW) uniform resource locator (URL)</dd>
</dl>
</dl>
<a href="#top">Back to Contents</a>
<br>&nbsp;
<br>&nbsp;
<dl><a NAME="exam"></a>
<table BORDER=0 WIDTH="100%" >
<tr>
<td ALIGN=LEFT BGCOLOR="#52799E"><img SRC="../images/right_triangle.png" ALT=">" BORDER=0 height=14 width=15><b><font face="Helvetica, Arial"><font color="#FFFFFF"><font size=+1>Examples</font></font></font></b></td>
</tr>
</table>

<dd>
To scale an image of a cockatoo to exactly 640 pixels in width and 480
pixels in height and position the window at location (200,200), use:</dd>

<pre>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; display -geometry 640x480+200+200! cockatoo.miff</pre>

<dd>
To display an image of a cockatoo without a border centered on a backdrop,
use:</dd>

<pre>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; display +borderwidth -backdrop cockatoo.miff</pre>

<dd>
To tile a slate texture onto the root window, use:</dd>

<pre>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; display -size 1280x1024 -window root slate.png</pre>

<dd>
To display a visual image directory of all your JPEG images, use:</dd>

<pre>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; display 'vid:*.jpg'</pre>

<dd>
To display a MAP image that is 640 pixels in width and 480 pixels in height
with 256 colors, use:</dd>

<pre>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; display -size 640x480+256 cockatoo.map</pre>

<dd>
To display an image of a cockatoo specified with a <b>World Wide Web (WWW)</b>
uniform resource locator <b>(URL)</b>, use:</dd>

<pre>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; display ftp://wizards.dupont.com/images/cockatoo.jpg</pre>

<dd>
To display histogram of an image, use:</dd>

<pre>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; convert file.jpg HISTOGRAM:- | display -</pre>
</dl>
<a href="#top">Back to Contents</a>
<br>&nbsp;
<br>&nbsp;
<dl><a NAME="opti"></a>
<table BORDER=0 WIDTH="100%" >
<tr>
<td ALIGN=LEFT BGCOLOR="#52799E"><img SRC="../images/right_triangle.png" ALT=">" BORDER=0 height=14 width=15><b><font face="Helvetica, Arial"><font color="#FFFFFF"><font size=+1>Options</font></font></font></b></td>
</tr>
</table>

<dd>
Options are processed in command line order. Any option you specify on
the command line remains in effect until it is explicitly changed by specifying
the option again with a different effect. For example to display two images,
the first with 32 colors, and the second with only 16 colors, use:</dd>

<pre>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; display -colors 32 cockatoo.miff -colors 16 macaw.miff</pre>

<dd>
<b>Display</b> options can appear on the command line or in your X resources
file. See <i>X(1)</i>. Options on the command line supersede values specified
in your X resources file.</dd>

<br>&nbsp;
<p>&nbsp;
<br>&nbsp;
<br>&nbsp;
<dl>&nbsp;
<table BORDER=0 WIDTH="65%" >
<tr>
<td ALIGN=LEFT BGCOLOR="#9EBAC6"><img SRC="../images/right_triangle_option.png" ALT=">" BORDER=0 height=14 width=15><b><font face="Helvetica, Arial"><font color="#FFFFFF"><font size=+1>-backdrop</font></font></font></b></td>
</tr>
</table>

<dd>
display the image centered on a backdrop.</dd>

<dd>
This backdrop covers the entire workstation screen and is useful for hiding
other X window activity while viewing the image. The color of the backdrop
is specified as the background color. Refer to <a href="#xres">X Resources</a>
for details.</dd>
</dl>

<dl>&nbsp;
<table BORDER=0 WIDTH="65%" >
<tr>
<td ALIGN=LEFT BGCOLOR="#9EBAC6"><img SRC="../images/right_triangle_option.png" ALT=">" BORDER=0 height=14 width=15><b><font face="Helvetica, Arial"><font color="#FFFFFF"><font size=+1>-border
<i>&lt;width>x&lt;heigth></i></font></font></font></b></td>
</tr>
</table>

<dd>
surround the image with a border of color. See <b>X(1)</b> for details
about the geometry specification.</dd>

<dd>
The color of the border is obtained from the <i>X server</i> and is defined
as <b>bordercolor</b> (class <b>borderColor</b>). See <b>X(1)</b> for details.</dd>

<dd>
See <b>X(1)</b> for details about the color specification.</dd>
</dl>

<dl>&nbsp;
<table BORDER=0 WIDTH="65%" >
<tr>
<td ALIGN=LEFT BGCOLOR="#9EBAC6"><img SRC="../images/right_triangle_option.png" ALT=">" BORDER=0 height=14 width=15><b><font face="Helvetica, Arial"><font color="#FFFFFF"><font size=+1>-cache
<i>threshold</i></font></font></font></b></td>
</tr>
</table>

<dd>
megabytes of memory available to the pixel cache.</dd>

<dd>
Image pixels are stored in memory until 80 megabytes of memory have been
consumed. Subsequent pixel operations are cached on disk. Operations to
memory are significantly faster but if your computer does not have a sufficient
amount of free memory you may want to adjust this threshold value.</dd>
</dl>

<dl>&nbsp;
<table BORDER=0 WIDTH="65%" >
<tr>
<td ALIGN=LEFT BGCOLOR="#9EBAC6"><img SRC="../images/right_triangle_option.png" ALT=">" BORDER=0 height=14 width=15><b><font face="Helvetica, Arial"><font color="#FFFFFF"><font size=+1>-colormap
<i>type</i></font></font></font></b></td>
</tr>
</table>

<dd>
the type of colormap: <b>Shared</b> or <b>Private</b>.</dd>

<dd>
This option only applies when the default X server visual is <i>PseudoColor</i>
or <i>GRAYScale</i>. Refer to <b>-visual</b> for more details. By default,
a shared colormap is allocated. The image shares colors with other X clients.
Some image colors could be approximated, therefore your image may look
very different than intended. Choose <b>Private</b> and the image colors
appear exactly as they are defined. However, other clients may go <i>technicolor</i>
when the image colormap is installed.</dd>
</dl>

<dl>&nbsp;
<table BORDER=0 WIDTH="65%" >
<tr>
<td ALIGN=LEFT BGCOLOR="#9EBAC6"><img SRC="../images/right_triangle_option.png" ALT=">" BORDER=0 height=14 width=15><b><font face="Helvetica, Arial"><font color="#FFFFFF"><font size=+1>-colors
<i>value</i></font></font></font></b></td>
</tr>
</table>

<dd>
preferred number of colors in the image.</dd>

<dd>
The actual number of colors in the image may be less than your request,
but never more. Note, this is a color reduction option. Images with less
unique colors than specified with this option will have any duplicate or
unused colors removed. Refer to <a href="quantize.html">quantize</a> for
more details.</dd>

<br>&nbsp;
<p>&nbsp;
<p>The <b>Transparent</b> color space behaves uniquely in that it preserves
the matte channel of the image if it exists.
<p>Note, options <b>-dither</b>, <b>-colorspace</b>, and <b>-treedepth</b>
affect the color reduction algorithm.</dl>

<dl>&nbsp;
<table BORDER=0 WIDTH="65%" >
<tr>
<td ALIGN=LEFT BGCOLOR="#9EBAC6"><img SRC="../images/right_triangle_option.png" ALT=">" BORDER=0 height=14 width=15><b><font face="Helvetica, Arial"><font color="#FFFFFF"><font size=+1>-colorspace
<i>value</i></font></font></font></b></td>
</tr>
</table>

<dd>
the type of colorspace: <b>GRAY</b>, <b>OHTA</b>, <b>RGB</b>,
<b>Transparent</b>,
<b>XYZ</b>,
<b>YCbCr</b>,
<b>YIQ</b>,
<b>YPbPr</b>,
<b>YUV</b>, or <b>CMYK</b>.</dd>

<dd>
Color reduction, by default, takes place in the RGB color space. Empirical
evidence suggests that distances in color spaces such as YUV or YIQ correspond
to perceptual color differences more closely than do distances in RGB space.
These color spaces may give better results when color reducing an image.
Refer to <a href="quantize.html">quantize</a> for more details.</dd>

<br>&nbsp;
<p>&nbsp;
<p>The <b>-colors</b> or <b>-monochrome</b> option is required for this
option to take effect.</dl>

<dl>&nbsp;
<table BORDER=0 WIDTH="65%" >
<tr>
<td ALIGN=LEFT BGCOLOR="#9EBAC6"><img SRC="../images/right_triangle_option.png" ALT=">" BORDER=0 height=14 width=15><b><font face="Helvetica, Arial"><font color="#FFFFFF"><font size=+1>-comment
<i>string</i></font></font></font></b></td>
</tr>
</table>

<dd>
annotate an image with a comment.</dd>

<dd>
By default, each image is commented with its file name. Use this option
to assign a specific comment to the image. Optionally you can include the
image filename, type, width, height, or other image attribute by embedding
special format characters:</dd>

<pre>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; %b&nbsp;&nbsp; file size
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; %d&nbsp;&nbsp; directory
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; %e&nbsp;&nbsp; filename extention
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; %f&nbsp;&nbsp; filename
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; %h&nbsp;&nbsp; height
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; %i&nbsp;&nbsp; input filename
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; %l&nbsp;&nbsp; label
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; %m&nbsp;&nbsp; magick
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; %n&nbsp;&nbsp; number of scenes
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; %o&nbsp;&nbsp; output filename
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; %p&nbsp;&nbsp; page number
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; %q&nbsp;&nbsp; quantum depth
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; %s&nbsp;&nbsp; scene number
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; %t&nbsp;&nbsp; top of filename
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; %u&nbsp;&nbsp; unique temporary filename
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; %w&nbsp;&nbsp; width
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; %x&nbsp;&nbsp; x resolution
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; %y&nbsp;&nbsp; y resolution
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; \\n&nbsp;&nbsp; newline
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; \\r&nbsp;&nbsp; carriage return</pre>
For example,
<pre>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; -comment "%m:%f %wx%h"</pre>

<dd>
produces an image comment of <tt>MIFF:bird.miff 512x480</tt> for an image
titled <tt>bird.miff</tt> and whose width is 512 and height is 480.</dd>

<dd>
If the first character of <i>string</i> is <i>@</i>, the image comment
is read from a file titled by the remaining characters in the string.</dd>
</dl>

<dl>&nbsp;
<table BORDER=0 WIDTH="65%" >
<tr>
<td ALIGN=LEFT BGCOLOR="#9EBAC6"><img SRC="../images/right_triangle_option.png" ALT=">" BORDER=0 height=14 width=15><b><font face="Helvetica, Arial"><font color="#FFFFFF"><font size=+1>-compress
<i>type</i></font></font></font></b></td>
</tr>
</table>

<dd>
the type of image compression: <i>None</i>, <i>BZip</i>, <i>Fax</i>,
<i>Group4</i>,
<i>JPEG</i>,
<i>LZW</i>,
<i>RunlengthEncoded</i>
or <i>Zip</i>.</dd>

<dd>
Use this option with <b>-write</b> to specify the the type of image compression.
See <a href="miff.html">miff</a> for details.</dd>

<dd>
Specify <b>+compress</b> to store the binary image in an uncompressed format.
The default is the compression type of the specified image file.</dd>
</dl>

<dl>&nbsp;
<table BORDER=0 WIDTH="65%" >
<tr>
<td ALIGN=LEFT BGCOLOR="#9EBAC6"><img SRC="../images/right_triangle_option.png" ALT=">" BORDER=0 height=14 width=15><b><font face="Helvetica, Arial"><font color="#FFFFFF"><font size=+1>-contrast</font></font></font></b></td>
</tr>
</table>

<dd>
enhance or reduce the image contrast.</dd>

<dd>
This option enhances the intensity differences between the lighter and
darker elements of the image. Use <b>-contrast</b> to enhance the image
or <b>+contrast</b> to reduce the image contrast.</dd>
</dl>

<dl>&nbsp;
<table BORDER=0 WIDTH="65%" >
<tr>
<td ALIGN=LEFT BGCOLOR="#9EBAC6"><img SRC="../images/right_triangle_option.png" ALT=">" BORDER=0 height=14 width=15><b><font face="Helvetica, Arial"><font color="#FFFFFF"><font size=+1>-crop
<i>&lt;width>x&lt;heigth>{+-}&lt;x
offset>{+-}&lt;y offset>{%}</i></font></font></font></b></td>
</tr>
</table>

<dd>
preferred size and location of the cropped image. See <i>X(1)</i> for details
about the geometry specification.</dd>

<dd>
To specify a percentage width or height instead, append <b>%</b>. For example
to crop the image by ten percent on all sides of the image, use <b>-crop
10%</b>.</dd>

<dd>
Use cropping to apply image processing options to, or display, a particular
area of an image.</dd>

<dd>
Omit the x and y offset to generate one or more subimages of a uniform
size.</dd>

<dd>
Use cropping to crop a particular area of an image. Use <b>-crop 0x0</b>
to trim edges that are the background color. Add an x and y offset to leave
a portion of the trimmed edges with the image.</dd>

<br>&nbsp;
<p>&nbsp;
<p>The equivalent X resource for this option is
<b>cropGeometry</b> (class
<b>CropGeometry</b>). See <a href="#xres">X Resources</a> for details.</dl>

<dl>&nbsp;
<table BORDER=0 WIDTH="65%" >
<tr>
<td ALIGN=LEFT BGCOLOR="#9EBAC6"><img SRC="../images/right_triangle_option.png" ALT=">" BORDER=0 height=14 width=15><b><font face="Helvetica, Arial"><font color="#FFFFFF"><font size=+1>-delay
<i>&lt;1/100ths
of a second></i></font></font></font></b></td>
</tr>
</table>

<dd>
display the next image after pausing.</dd>

<dd>
This option is useful when viewing several images in sequence. <i>1/100ths
of a second</i> must expire before the next image is displayed. The default
is to display the image and wait until you choose to display the next image
or terminate the program.</dd>
</dl>

<dl>&nbsp;
<table BORDER=0 WIDTH="65%" >
<tr>
<td ALIGN=LEFT BGCOLOR="#9EBAC6"><img SRC="../images/right_triangle_option.png" ALT=">" BORDER=0 height=14 width=15><b><font face="Helvetica, Arial"><font color="#FFFFFF"><font size=+1>-density
<i>&lt;width>x&lt;heigth></i></font></font></font></b></td>
</tr>
</table>

<dd>
vertical and horizontal resolution in pixels of the image.</dd>

<dd>
This option specifies an image density when decoding a <i>PostScript</i>
or Portable Document page. The default is the same as the resolution of
your X server (see <b>xdpyinfo(1)</b>). This option is used in concert
with <b>-page</b>.</dd>
</dl>

<dl>&nbsp;
<table BORDER=0 WIDTH="65%" >
<tr>
<td ALIGN=LEFT BGCOLOR="#9EBAC6"><img SRC="../images/right_triangle_option.png" ALT=">" BORDER=0 height=14 width=15><b><font face="Helvetica, Arial"><font color="#FFFFFF"><font size=+1>-despeckle</font></font></font></b></td>
</tr>
</table>

<dd>
reduce the speckles within an image.</dd>
</dl>

<dl>&nbsp;
<table BORDER=0 WIDTH="65%" >
<tr>
<td ALIGN=LEFT BGCOLOR="#9EBAC6"><img SRC="../images/right_triangle_option.png" ALT=">" BORDER=0 height=14 width=15><b><font face="Helvetica, Arial"><font color="#FFFFFF"><font size=+1>-display
<i>host:display[.screen]</i></font></font></font></b></td>
</tr>
</table>

<dd>
specifies the X server to contact; see <i>X(1)</i>.</dd>
</dl>

<dl>&nbsp;
<table BORDER=0 WIDTH="65%" >
<tr>
<td ALIGN=LEFT BGCOLOR="#9EBAC6"><img SRC="../images/right_triangle_option.png" ALT=">" BORDER=0 height=14 width=15><b><font face="Helvetica, Arial"><font color="#FFFFFF"><font size=+1>-dispose
<i>method</i></font></font></font></b></td>
</tr>
</table>

<dd>
GIF disposal method.</dd>

<dd>
Here are the valid methods:</dd>

<pre>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 0&nbsp; No disposal specified.
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1&nbsp; Do not dispose between frames.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 2&nbsp; Overwrite frame with background color from header.
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 3&nbsp; Overwrite with previous frame.</pre>
</dl>

<dl>&nbsp;
<table BORDER=0 WIDTH="65%" >
<tr>
<td ALIGN=LEFT BGCOLOR="#9EBAC6"><img SRC="../images/right_triangle_option.png" ALT=">" BORDER=0 height=14 width=15><b><font face="Helvetica, Arial"><font color="#FFFFFF"><font size=+1>-dither</font></font></font></b></td>
</tr>
</table>

<dd>
apply Floyd/Steinberg error diffusion to the image.</dd>

<dd>
The basic strategy of dithering is to trade intensity resolution for spatial
resolution by averaging the intensities of several neighboring pixels.
Images which suffer from severe contouring when reducing colors can be
improved with this option.</dd>

<dd>
The <b>-colors</b> or <b>-monochrome</b> option is required for this option
to take effect.</dd>

<dd>
Use <b>+dither</b> to render Postscript without text or graphic aliasing.</dd>
</dl>

<dl>&nbsp;
<table BORDER=0 WIDTH="65%" >
<tr>
<td ALIGN=LEFT BGCOLOR="#9EBAC6"><img SRC="../images/right_triangle_option.png" ALT=">" BORDER=0 height=14 width=15><b><font face="Helvetica, Arial"><font color="#FFFFFF"><font size=+1>-edge
<i>factor</i></font></font></font></b></td>
</tr>
</table>

<dd>
detect edges within an image. Specify <i>factor</i> as the percent enhancement
(0.0 - 99.9%).</dd>
</dl>

<dl>&nbsp;
<table BORDER=0 WIDTH="65%" >
<tr>
<td ALIGN=LEFT BGCOLOR="#9EBAC6"><img SRC="../images/right_triangle_option.png" ALT=">" BORDER=0 height=14 width=15><b><font face="Helvetica, Arial"><font color="#FFFFFF"><font size=+1>-enhance</font></font></font></b></td>
</tr>
</table>

<dd>
apply a digital filter to enhance a noisy image.</dd>
</dl>

<dl>&nbsp;
<table BORDER=0 WIDTH="65%" >
<tr>
<td ALIGN=LEFT BGCOLOR="#9EBAC6"><img SRC="../images/right_triangle_option.png" ALT=">" BORDER=0 height=14 width=15><b><font face="Helvetica, Arial"><font color="#FFFFFF"><font size=+1>-filter
<i>type</i></font></font></font></b></td>
</tr>
</table>

<dd>
use this type of filter when resizing an image.</dd>

<dd>
Use this option to affect the resizing operation of an image (see
<b>-geometry</b>).
Choose from these filters:</dd>

<pre>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Point
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Box
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Triangle
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Hermite
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Hanning
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Hamming
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Blackman
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Gaussian
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Quadratic
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Cubic
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Catrom
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Mitchell
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Lanczos
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Bessel
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Sinc</pre>

<dd>
The default filter is <b>Lanczos</b>.</dd>
</dl>

<dl>&nbsp;
<table BORDER=0 WIDTH="65%" >
<tr>
<td ALIGN=LEFT BGCOLOR="#9EBAC6"><img SRC="../images/right_triangle_option.png" ALT=">" BORDER=0 height=14 width=15><b><font face="Helvetica, Arial"><font color="#FFFFFF"><font size=+1>-flip</font></font></font></b></td>
</tr>
</table>

<dd>
flip scanlines in the vertical direction.</dd>
</dl>

<dl>&nbsp;
<table BORDER=0 WIDTH="65%" >
<tr>
<td ALIGN=LEFT BGCOLOR="#9EBAC6"><img SRC="../images/right_triangle_option.png" ALT=">" BORDER=0 height=14 width=15><b><font face="Helvetica, Arial"><font color="#FFFFFF"><font size=+1>-flop</font></font></font></b></td>
</tr>
</table>

<dd>
create a "mirror image" by reflecting the image scanlines in the horizontal
direction.</dd>
</dl>

<dl>&nbsp;
<table BORDER=0 WIDTH="65%" >
<tr>
<td ALIGN=LEFT BGCOLOR="#9EBAC6"><img SRC="../images/right_triangle_option.png" ALT=">" BORDER=0 height=14 width=15><b><font face="Helvetica, Arial"><font color="#FFFFFF"><font size=+1>-frame
<i>&lt;width>x&lt;height+&lt;outer
bevel width>+&lt;inner bevel width></i></font></font></font></b></td>
</tr>
</table>

<dd>
surround the image with an ornamental border. See <i>X(1)</i> for details
about the geometry specification.</dd>

<dd>
The color of the border is specified with the <b>-mattecolor</b> command
line option.</dd>
</dl>

<dl>&nbsp;
<table BORDER=0 WIDTH="65%" >
<tr>
<td ALIGN=LEFT BGCOLOR="#9EBAC6"><img SRC="../images/right_triangle_option.png" ALT=">" BORDER=0 height=14 width=15><b><font face="Helvetica, Arial"><font color="#FFFFFF"><font size=+1>-gamma
<i>value</i></font></font></font></b></td>
</tr>
</table>

<dd>
level of gamma correction.</dd>

<dd>
The same color image displayed on two different workstations may look different
due to differences in the display monitor. Use gamma correction to adjust
for this color difference. Reasonable values extend from <b>0.8</b> to
<b>2.3</b>.</dd>

<dd>
You can apply separate gamma values to the red, green, and blue channels
of the image with a gamma value list delineated with slashes (i.e. <b>1.7</b>,<b>2.3</b>,<b>1.2</b>).</dd>

<dd>
Use <b>+gamma</b> to set the image gamma level without actually adjusting
the image pixels. This option is useful if the image is of a known gamma
but not set as an image attribute (e.g. PNG images).</dd>
</dl>

<dl>&nbsp;
<table BORDER=0 WIDTH="65%" >
<tr>
<td ALIGN=LEFT BGCOLOR="#9EBAC6"><img SRC="../images/right_triangle_option.png" ALT=">" BORDER=0 height=14 width=15><b><font face="Helvetica, Arial"><font color="#FFFFFF"><font size=+1>-geometry
<i>&lt;width>x&lt;heigth>{+-}&lt;x
offset>{+-}&lt;y offset>{%}{!}{&lt;}{>}</i></font></font></font></b></td>
</tr>
</table>

<dd>
preferred size and location of the <i>image window</i>. See
<i>X(1)</i>
for details about the geometry specification. By default, the window size
is the image size and the location is chosen by you when it is mapped.</dd>

<dd>
By default, the width and height are maximum values. That is, the image
is expanded or contracted to fit the width and height value while maintaining
the aspect ratio of the image. Append an exclamation point to the geometry
to force the image size to exactly the size you specify. For example, if
you specify <b>640x480!</b> the image width is set to 640 pixels and height
to 480. If only one factor is specified, both the width and height assume
the value.</dd>

<br>&nbsp;
<p>&nbsp;
<p>Use <b>></b> to change the dimensions of the image <i>only</i> if its
size exceeds the geometry specification. <b>&lt;</b> resizes the image
<i>only</i>
if its dimensions is less than the geometry specification. For example,
if you specify <b>640x480></b> and the image size is 512x512, the image
size does not change. However, if the image is 1024x1024, it is resized
to 640x480.
<p>To specify a percentage width or height instead, append %. The image
size is multiplied by the width and height percentages to obtain the final
image dimensions. To increase the size of an image, use a value greater
than 100 (e.g. 125%). To decrease an image's size, use a percentage less
than 100.
<dd>
When displaying an image on an X server, &lt;x offset> and &lt;y offset>
is relative to the root window.</dd>

<dd>
The equivalent X resource for this option is <b>geometry</b> (class <b>Geometry</b>).
See <a href="#xres">X Resources</a> for details.</dd>
</dl>

<dl>&nbsp;
<table BORDER=0 WIDTH="65%" >
<tr>
<td ALIGN=LEFT BGCOLOR="#9EBAC6"><img SRC="../images/right_triangle_option.png" ALT=">" BORDER=0 height=14 width=15><b><font face="Helvetica, Arial"><font color="#FFFFFF"><font size=+1>-interlace
<i>type</i></font></font></font></b></td>
</tr>
</table>

<dd>
the type of interlacing scheme: <b>None</b>, <b>Line</b>, <b>Plane</b>,
or <b>Partition</b>. The default is <b>None</b>.</dd>

<dd>
This option is used to specify the type of interlacing scheme for raw image
formats such as <b>RGB</b> or <b>YUV</b>. <b>None</b> means do not interlace
(RGBRGBRGBRGBRGBRGB...), <b>Line</b> uses scanline interlacing (RRR...GGG...BBB...RRR...GGG...BBB...),
and <b>Plane</b> uses plane interlacing (RRRRRR...GGGGGG...BBBBBB...).
<b>Partition</b>
is like plane except the different planes are saved to individual files
(e.g. image.R, image.G, and image.B).</dd>

<dd>
Use <b>Line</b>, or <b>Plane</b> to create an <b>interlaced GIF</b> or
<b>progressive
JPEG</b> image.</dd>
</dl>

<dl>&nbsp;
<table BORDER=0 WIDTH="65%" >
<tr>
<td ALIGN=LEFT BGCOLOR="#9EBAC6"><img SRC="../images/right_triangle_option.png" ALT=">" BORDER=0 height=14 width=15><b><font face="Helvetica, Arial"><font color="#FFFFFF"><font size=+1>-immutable</font></font></font></b></td>
</tr>
</table>

<dd>
displayed image cannot be modified.</dd>
</dl>

<dl>&nbsp;
<table BORDER=0 WIDTH="65%" >
<tr>
<td ALIGN=LEFT BGCOLOR="#9EBAC6"><img SRC="../images/right_triangle_option.png" ALT=">" BORDER=0 height=14 width=15><b><font face="Helvetica, Arial"><font color="#FFFFFF"><font size=+1>-label
<i>string</i></font></font></font></b></td>
</tr>
</table>

<dd>
assign a label to an image.</dd>

<dd>
Use this option to assign a specific label to the image. Optionally you
can include the image filename, type, width, height, or other image attribute
by embedding special format character. See <b>-comment</b> for details.</dd>

<dd>
For example,</dd>

<pre>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; -label "%m:%f %wx%h"</pre>

<dd>
produces an image label of <tt>MIFF:bird.miff 512x480</tt> for an image
titled <tt>bird.miff</tt> and whose width is 512 and height is 480.</dd>

<dd>
If the first character of <i>string</i> is <i>@</i>, the image label is
read from a file titled by the remaining characters in the string.</dd>

<dd>
When converting to <i>PostScript</i>, use this option to specify a header
string to print above the image. Specify the label font with
<b>-font</b>.</dd>
</dl>

<dl>&nbsp;
<table BORDER=0 WIDTH="65%" >
<tr>
<td ALIGN=LEFT BGCOLOR="#9EBAC6"><img SRC="../images/right_triangle_option.png" ALT=">" BORDER=0 height=14 width=15><b><font face="Helvetica, Arial"><font color="#FFFFFF"><font size=+1>-map
<i>type</i></font></font></font></b></td>
</tr>
</table>

<dd>
display image using this <i>Standard Colormap</i> type.</dd>

<dd>
Choose from these <i>Standard Colormap</i> types:</dd>

<pre>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; best
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; default
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; gray
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; red
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; green
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; blue</pre>

<dd>
The <i>X server</i> must support the <i>Standard Colormap</i> you choose,
otherwise an error occurs. Use <b>list</b> as the type and <b>display</b>
searches the list of colormap types in <b>top-to-bottom</b> order until
one is located. See <i>xstdcmap(1)</i> for one way of creating Standard
Colormaps.</dd>
</dl>

<dl>&nbsp;
<table BORDER=0 WIDTH="65%" >
<tr>
<td ALIGN=LEFT BGCOLOR="#9EBAC6"><img SRC="../images/right_triangle_option.png" ALT=">" BORDER=0 height=14 width=15><b><font face="Helvetica, Arial"><font color="#FFFFFF"><font size=+1>-matte</font></font></font></b></td>
</tr>
</table>

<dd>
store <i>matte channel</i> (transparent channel) if the image has one.</dd>
</dl>

<dl>&nbsp;
<table BORDER=0 WIDTH="65%" >
<tr>
<td ALIGN=LEFT BGCOLOR="#9EBAC6"><img SRC="../images/right_triangle_option.png" ALT=">" BORDER=0 height=14 width=15><b><font face="Helvetica, Arial"><font color="#FFFFFF"><font size=+1>-monochrome</font></font></font></b></td>
</tr>
</table>

<dd>
transform the image to black and white.</dd>
</dl>

<dl>&nbsp;
<table BORDER=0 WIDTH="65%" >
<tr>
<td ALIGN=LEFT BGCOLOR="#9EBAC6"><img SRC="../images/right_triangle_option.png" ALT=">" BORDER=0 height=14 width=15><b><font face="Helvetica, Arial"><font color="#FFFFFF"><font size=+1>-negate</font></font></font></b></td>
</tr>
</table>

<dd>
replace every pixel with its complementary color (white becomes black,
yellow becomes blue, etc.).</dd>

<dd>
The red, green, and blue intensities of an image are negated. Use <b>+negate</b>
to only negate the grayscale pixels of the image.</dd>
</dl>

<dl>&nbsp;
<table BORDER=0 WIDTH="65%" >
<tr>
<td ALIGN=LEFT BGCOLOR="#9EBAC6"><img SRC="../images/right_triangle_option.png" ALT=">" BORDER=0 height=14 width=15><b><font face="Helvetica, Arial"><font color="#FFFFFF"><font size=+1>-page
<i>&lt;width>x&lt;heigth>{+-}&lt;x
offset>{+-}&lt;y offset>{%}{!}{&lt;}{>}</i></font></font></font></b></td>
</tr>
</table>

<dd>
size and location of an image canvas.</dd>

<dd>
Use this option to specify the dimensions of the
<i>PostScript</i> page
in dots per inch or a TEXT page in pixels. The choices for a Postscript
page are:</dd>

<pre>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Letter&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 612x 792
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Tabloid&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 792x1224
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Ledger&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1224x 792
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Legal&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 612x1008
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Statement&nbsp;&nbsp; 396x 612
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Executive&nbsp;&nbsp; 540x 720
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; A3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 842x1190
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; A4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 595x 842
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; A5&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 420x 595
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; B4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 729x1032
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; B5&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 516x 729
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Folio&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 612x 936
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Quarto&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 610x 780
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 10x14&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 720x1008</pre>

<dd>
For convenience you can specify the page size by media (e.g. A4, Ledger,
etc.). Otherwise, <b>-page</b> behaves much like
<b>-geometry</b> (e.g.
<tt>-page
letter+43+43></tt>).</dd>

<dd>
To position a GIF image, use <b>-page</b><i>{+-}&lt;x offset>{+-}&lt;y
offset></i> (e.g. -page "+1"00+200).</dd>

<dd>
For a Postscript page, the image is sized as in <b>-geometry</b> and positioned
relative to the lower left hand corner of the page by {+-}&lt;<b>x</b><i>offset</i>>{+-}&lt;<b>y</b><i>offset</i>>.
Use <tt>-page 612x792></tt>, for example, to center the image within the
page. If the image size exceeds the Postscript page, it is reduced to fit
the page.</dd>

<dd>
The default page dimensions for a TEXT image is 612x792.</dd>

<dd>
This option is used in concert with <b>-density</b>.</dd>
</dl>

<dl>&nbsp;
<table BORDER=0 WIDTH="65%" >
<tr>
<td ALIGN=LEFT BGCOLOR="#9EBAC6"><img SRC="../images/right_triangle_option.png" ALT=">" BORDER=0 height=14 width=15><b><font face="Helvetica, Arial"><font color="#FFFFFF"><font size=+1>-quality
<i>value</i></font></font></font></b></td>
</tr>
</table>

<dd>
JPEG/MIFF/PNG compression level.</dd>

<dd>
For the JPEG image format, quality is 0 (worst) to 100 (best). The default
quality is 75.</dd>

<dd>
Quality for the MIFF and PNG image format sets the amount of image compression
(quality / 10) and filter-type (quality % 10). Compression quality values
range from 0 (worst) to 100 (best). If filter-type is 4 or less, the specified
filter-type is used for all scanlines:</dd>

<pre>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 0: none
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1: sub
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 2: up
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 3: average
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 4: Paeth</pre>

<dd>
If filter-type is 5, adaptive filtering is used when quality is greater
than 50 and the image does not have a color map, otherwise no filtering
is used.</dd>

<dd>
If filter-type is 6 or more, adaptive filtering with <i>minimum-sum-of-absolute-values</i>
is used.</dd>

<dd>
The default is quality is 75. Which means nearly the best compression with
adaptive filtering.</dd>

<dd>
For further information, see the <a href="http://www.w3.org/pub/WWW/TR">PNG</a>)
specification.</dd>
</dl>

<dl>&nbsp;
<table BORDER=0 WIDTH="65%" >
<tr>
<td ALIGN=LEFT BGCOLOR="#9EBAC6"><img SRC="../images/right_triangle_option.png" ALT=">" BORDER=0 height=14 width=15><b><font face="Helvetica, Arial"><font color="#FFFFFF"><font size=+1>-raise
<i>&lt;width>x&lt;heigth></i></font></font></font></b></td>
</tr>
</table>

<dd>
lighten or darken image edges to create a 3-D effect. See <i>X(1)</i> for
details about the geometry specification.</dd>

<dd>
Use <b>-raise</b> to create a raised effect, otherwise use <b>+raise</b>.</dd>
</dl>

<dl>&nbsp;
<table BORDER=0 WIDTH="65%" >
<tr>
<td ALIGN=LEFT BGCOLOR="#9EBAC6"><img SRC="../images/right_triangle_option.png" ALT=">" BORDER=0 height=14 width=15><b><font face="Helvetica, Arial"><font color="#FFFFFF"><font size=+1>-remote
<i>string</i></font></font></font></b></td>
</tr>
</table>

<dd>
execute a command in a remote display process.</dd>

<dd>
The only command recognized at this time is the name of an image file to
load.</dd>
</dl>

<dl>&nbsp;
<table BORDER=0 WIDTH="65%" >
<tr>
<td ALIGN=LEFT BGCOLOR="#9EBAC6"><img SRC="../images/right_triangle_option.png" ALT=">" BORDER=0 height=14 width=15><b><font face="Helvetica, Arial"><font color="#FFFFFF"><font size=+1>-roll
{+-}&lt;x offset>{+-}&lt;y offset></font></font></font></b></td>
</tr>
</table>

<dd>
roll an image vertically or horizontally. See <i>X(1)</i> for details about
the geometry specification.</dd>

<dd>
A negative <i>x offset</i> rolls the image left-to-right. A negative <i>y
offset</i> rolls the image top-to-bottom.</dd>
</dl>

<dl>&nbsp;
<table BORDER=0 WIDTH="65%" >
<tr>
<td ALIGN=LEFT BGCOLOR="#9EBAC6"><img SRC="../images/right_triangle_option.png" ALT=">" BORDER=0 height=14 width=15><b><font face="Helvetica, Arial"><font color="#FFFFFF"><font size=+1>-rotate
<i>degrees{&lt;}{>}</i></font></font></font></b></td>
</tr>
</table>

<dd>
apply Paeth image rotation to the image.</dd>

<dd>
Use <tt>></tt> to rotate the image only if its width exceeds the height.
<tt>&lt;</tt>
rotates the image <i>only</i> if its width is less than the height. For
example, if you specify <tt>-90></tt> and the image size is 480x640, the
image is not rotated by the specified angle. However, if the image is 640x480,
it is rotated by -90 degrees.</dd>

<dd>
Empty triangles left over from rotating the image are filled with the color
defined as <b>bordercolor</b> (class
<b>borderColor</b>). See <i>X(1)</i>
for details.</dd>
</dl>

<dl>&nbsp;
<table BORDER=0 WIDTH="65%" >
<tr>
<td ALIGN=LEFT BGCOLOR="#9EBAC6"><img SRC="../images/right_triangle_option.png" ALT=">" BORDER=0 height=14 width=15><b><font face="Helvetica, Arial"><font color="#FFFFFF"><font size=+1>-sample
<i>geometry</i></font></font></font></b></td>
</tr>
</table>

<dd>
scale image with pixel sampling. See <b>-geometry</b> for details about
the geometry specification.</dd>
</dl>

<dl>&nbsp;
<table BORDER=0 WIDTH="65%" >
<tr>
<td ALIGN=LEFT BGCOLOR="#9EBAC6"><img SRC="../images/right_triangle_option.png" ALT=">" BORDER=0 height=14 width=15><b><font face="Helvetica, Arial"><font color="#FFFFFF"><font size=+1>-scene
<i>value</i></font></font></font></b></td>
</tr>
</table>

<dd>
image scene number.</dd>

<dd>
Use this option to specify an image sequence with a single filename. See
the discussion of <i>file</i> below for details.</dd>
</dl>

<dl>&nbsp;
<table BORDER=0 WIDTH="65%" >
<tr>
<td ALIGN=LEFT BGCOLOR="#9EBAC6"><img SRC="../images/right_triangle_option.png" ALT=">" BORDER=0 height=14 width=15><b><font face="Helvetica, Arial"><font color="#FFFFFF"><font size=+1>-segment
<i>value</i></font></font></font></b></td>
</tr>
</table>

<dd>
eliminate clusters that are insignificant.</dd>

<dd>
The number of pixels in each cluster must exceed the the cluster threshold
to be considered valid.</dd>
</dl>

<dl>&nbsp;
<table BORDER=0 WIDTH="65%" >
<tr>
<td ALIGN=LEFT BGCOLOR="#9EBAC6"><img SRC="../images/right_triangle_option.png" ALT=">" BORDER=0 height=14 width=15><b><font face="Helvetica, Arial"><font color="#FFFFFF"><font size=+1>-sharpen
<i>factor</i></font></font></font></b></td>
</tr>
</table>

<dd>
sharpen an image. Specify <i>factor</i> as the percent enhancement (0.0
- 99.9%).</dd>
</dl>

<dl>&nbsp;
<table BORDER=0 WIDTH="65%" >
<tr>
<td ALIGN=LEFT BGCOLOR="#9EBAC6"><img SRC="../images/right_triangle_option.png" ALT=">" BORDER=0 height=14 width=15><b><font face="Helvetica, Arial"><font color="#FFFFFF"><font size=+1>-size
&lt;width>x&lt;heigth>{+offset}</font></font></font></b></td>
</tr>
</table>

<dd>
width and height of the image.</dd>

<dd>
Use this option to specify the width and height of raw images whose dimensions
are unknown such as <b>GRAY</b>,
<b>RGB</b>, or <b>CMYK</b>. In addition
to width and height, use
<b>-size</b> to skip any header information in
the image tell the number of colors in a <b>MAP</b> image file, (e.g. -size
640x512+256).</dd>

<dd>
For Photo CD images, choose from these sizes:</dd>

<pre>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 192x128
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 384x256
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 768x512
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1536x1024
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 3072x2048</pre>

<dd>
Finally, use this option to choose a particular resolution layer of a JBIG
or JPEG image (e.g. -size 1024x768).</dd>
</dl>

<dl>&nbsp;
<table BORDER=0 WIDTH="65%" >
<tr>
<td ALIGN=LEFT BGCOLOR="#9EBAC6"><img SRC="../images/right_triangle_option.png" ALT=">" BORDER=0 height=14 width=15><b><font face="Helvetica, Arial"><font color="#FFFFFF"><font size=+1>-texture
<i>filename</i></font></font></font></b></td>
</tr>
</table>

<dd>
name of texture to tile onto the image background.</dd>
</dl>

<dl>&nbsp;
<table BORDER=0 WIDTH="65%" >
<tr>
<td ALIGN=LEFT BGCOLOR="#9EBAC6"><img SRC="../images/right_triangle_option.png" ALT=">" BORDER=0 height=14 width=15><b><font face="Helvetica, Arial"><font color="#FFFFFF"><font size=+1>-title
<i>string</i></font></font></font></b></td>
</tr>
</table>

<dd>
assign a title to the displayed image.</dd>

<dd>
Use this option to assign a specific title to the image. This is assigned
to the image window and is typically displayed in the window title bar.
Optionally you can include the image filename, type, width, height, or
other image attribute by embedding special format character. See <b>-comment</b>
for details.</dd>

<br>&nbsp;
<p>&nbsp;
<br>&nbsp;
<br>&nbsp;
<p>For example,
<pre>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; -title "%m:%f %wx%h"</pre>

<dd>
produces an image title of <tt>MIFF:bird.miff 512x480</tt> for an image
titled <tt>bird.miff</tt> and whose width is 512 and height is 480.</dd>
</dl>

<dl>&nbsp;
<table BORDER=0 WIDTH="65%" >
<tr>
<td ALIGN=LEFT BGCOLOR="#9EBAC6"><img SRC="../images/right_triangle_option.png" ALT=">" BORDER=0 height=14 width=15><b><font face="Helvetica, Arial"><font color="#FFFFFF"><font size=+1>-treedepth
<i>value</i></font></font></font></b></td>
</tr>
</table>

<dd>
Normally, this integer value is zero or one. A zero or one tells display
to choose an optimal tree depth for the color reduction algorithm.</dd>

<dd>
An optimal depth generally allows the best representation of the source
image with the fastest computational speed and the least amount of memory.
However, the default depth is inappropriate for some images. To assure
the best representation, try values between 2 and 8 for this parameter.
Refer to <a href="quantize.html">quantize</a> for more details.</dd>

<dd>
The <b>-colors</b> or <b>-monochrome</b> option is required for this option
to take effect.</dd>
</dl>

<dl>&nbsp;
<table BORDER=0 WIDTH="65%" >
<tr>
<td ALIGN=LEFT BGCOLOR="#9EBAC6"><img SRC="../images/right_triangle_option.png" ALT=">" BORDER=0 height=14 width=15><b><font face="Helvetica, Arial"><font color="#FFFFFF"><font size=+1>-update
<i>seconds</i></font></font></font></b></td>
</tr>
</table>

<dd>
detect when image file is modified and redisplay.</dd>

<dd>
Suppose that while you are displaying an image the file that is currently
displayed is over-written.
<b>display</b> will automatically detect that
the input file has been changed and update the displayed image accordingly.</dd>
</dl>

<dl>&nbsp;
<table BORDER=0 WIDTH="65%" >
<tr>
<td ALIGN=LEFT BGCOLOR="#9EBAC6"><img SRC="../images/right_triangle_option.png" ALT=">" BORDER=0 height=14 width=15><b><font face="Helvetica, Arial"><font color="#FFFFFF"><font size=+1>-verbose</font></font></font></b></td>
</tr>
</table>

<dd>
print detailed information about the image.</dd>

<dd>
This information is printed: image scene number; image name; image size;
the image class (<i>DirectClass</i> or <i>PseudoClass</i>); the total number
of unique colors; and the number of seconds to read and transform the image.
Refer to <a href="miff.html">miff</a> for a description of the image class.</dd>

<dd>
If <b>-colors</b> is also specified, the total unique colors in the image
and color reduction error values are printed. Refer to <a href="quantize.html">quantize</a>
for a description of these values.</dd>
</dl>

<dl>&nbsp;
<table BORDER=0 WIDTH="65%" >
<tr>
<td ALIGN=LEFT BGCOLOR="#9EBAC6"><img SRC="../images/right_triangle_option.png" ALT=">" BORDER=0 height=14 width=15><b><font face="Helvetica, Arial"><font color="#FFFFFF"><font size=+1>-visual
<i>type</i></font></font></font></b></td>
</tr>
</table>

<dd>
display image using this visual type.</dd>

<dd>
Choose from these visual classes:</dd>

<pre>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; StaticGray
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; GrayScale
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; StaticColor
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; PseudoColor
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; TrueColor
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; DirectColor
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; default
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <i>visual id</i></pre>

<dd>
The <i>X server</i> must support the visual you choose, otherwise an error
occurs. If a visual is not specified, the visual class that can display
the most simultaneous colors on the default <i>X server</i> screen is chosen.</dd>
</dl>

<dl>&nbsp;
<table BORDER=0 WIDTH="65%" >
<tr>
<td ALIGN=LEFT BGCOLOR="#9EBAC6"><img SRC="../images/right_triangle_option.png" ALT=">" BORDER=0 height=14 width=15><b><font face="Helvetica, Arial"><font color="#FFFFFF"><font size=+1>-window
<i>id</i></font></font></font></b></td>
</tr>
</table>

<dd>
set the background pixmap of this window to the image.</dd>

<dd>
<i>id</i> can be a window id or name. Specify <b>root</b> to select X's
root window as the target window.</dd>

<dd>
By default the image is tiled onto the background of the target window.
If <b>-backdrop</b> or <b>-geometry</b> are specified, the image is surrounded
by the background color. Refer to <a href="#xres">X Resources</a> for details.</dd>

<dd>
The image will not display on the root window if the image has more unique
colors than the target window colormap allows. Use <b>-colors</b> to reduce
the number of colors.</dd>
</dl>

<dl>&nbsp;
<table BORDER=0 WIDTH="65%" >
<tr>
<td ALIGN=LEFT BGCOLOR="#9EBAC6"><img SRC="../images/right_triangle_option.png" ALT=">" BORDER=0 height=14 width=15><b><font face="Helvetica, Arial"><font color="#FFFFFF"><font size=+1>-window_group
<i>id</i></font></font></font></b></td>
</tr>
</table>

<dd>
exit program when this window id is destroyed.</dd>

<dd>
<i>id</i> can be a window id or name.</dd>
</dl>

<dl>&nbsp;
<table BORDER=0 WIDTH="65%" >
<tr>
<td ALIGN=LEFT BGCOLOR="#9EBAC6"><img SRC="../images/right_triangle_option.png" ALT=">" BORDER=0 height=14 width=15><b><font face="Helvetica, Arial"><font color="#FFFFFF"><font size=+1>-write
<i>filename</i></font></font></font></b></td>
</tr>
</table>

<dd>
write image to a file.</dd>

<dd>
If <i>file</i> already exists, you will be prompted as to whether it should
be overwritten.</dd>

<dd>
By default, the image is written in the format that it was read in as.
To specify a particular image format, prefix <i>file</i> with the image
type and a colon (i.e. ps:image) or specify the image type as the filename
suffix (i.e. image.ps). See convert(1) for a list of valid image formats.
Specify file as - for standard output. If file has the extension <b>.Z</b>
or
<b>.gz</b>, the file size is <b>compressed</b> using with compress or
<b>gzip</b>
respectively. Precede the image file name | to pipe to a system command.
If <i>file</i> already exists, you will be prompted as to whether it should
be overwritten.</dd>

<dt>
Use <b>-compress</b> to specify the type of image compression.</dt>

<dt>
The equivalent X resource for this option is
<b>writeFilename</b> (class
<b>WriteFilename</b>).
See <a href="#xres">X Resources</a> for details.</dt>

<br>&nbsp;
<p>&nbsp;
<p>In addition to those listed above, you can specify these standard X
resources as command line options:
<b>-background</b>, <b>-bordercolor</b>,
<b>-borderwidth</b>,
<b>-font</b>,
<b>-foreground</b>,
<b>-iconGeometry</b>,
<b>-iconic</b>,
<b>-mattecolor</b>,
<b>-name</b>,
or <b>-title</b>. See
<a href="#xres">X Resources</a> for details.
<p>By default, the image format is determined by its magic number. To specify
a particular image <a href="formats.html">format</a>, precede the filename
with an image format name and a colon (i.e. ps:image) or specify the image
type as the filename suffix (i.e. image.ps).
<p>When you specify <b>X</b> as your image type, the filename has special
meaning. It specifies an X window by id, name, or
<b>root</b>. If no filename
is specified, the window is selected by clicking the mouse in the desired
window.
<p>Specify file as - for standard input. If file has the extension <b>.Z</b>
or <b>.gz</b>, the file is uncompressed with
<b>uncompress</b> or <b>gunzip</b>
respectively. Precede the image file name | to pipe from a system command.
<p>Use an optional index enclosed in brackets after a file name to specify
a desired subimage of a multi-resolution image format like Photo CD (e.g.
<tt>img0001.pcd[4]</tt>)
or a range for MPEG images (e.g.
<tt>video.mpg[50-75]</tt>). A subimage
specification can be disjoint (e.g. <tt>image.tiff[2,7,4]</tt>). For raw
images, specify a subimage with a geometry (e.g. <tt>-size 640x512 image.rgb[320x256+50+50]</tt>).
<p>Single images are read with the filename you specify. Alternatively,
you can display an image sequence with a single filename. Define the range
of the image sequence with -scene. Each image in the range is read with
the filename followed by a period (<tt>.</tt>) and the scene number. You
can change this behavior by embedding a <tt>printf</tt> format specification
in the file name. For example,
<pre>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; -scene 0-9 image%02d.miff</pre>
displays files <tt>image00.miff</tt>, <tt>image01.miff</tt>, through
<tt>image09.miff</tt>.</dl>
<a href="#top">Back to Contents</a>
<br>&nbsp;
<br>&nbsp;
<p><a NAME="mous"></a></dl>

<dl>&nbsp;
<table BORDER=0 WIDTH="100%" >
<tr>
<td ALIGN=LEFT BGCOLOR="#52799E"><img SRC="../images/right_triangle.png" ALT=">" BORDER=0 height=14 width=15><b><font face="Helvetica, Arial"><font color="#FFFFFF"><font size=+1>Mouse
Buttons</font></font></font></b></td>
</tr>
</table>

<dd>
The effects of each button press is described below. Three buttons are
required. If you have a two button mouse, button 1 and 3 are returned.
Press <b>ALT</b> and button 3 to simulate button 2.</dd>

<dl>
<dd>
<b>1</b> - Press this button to map or unmap the <a href="#comm">Command
widget</a> . See the next section for more information about the Command
widget.</dd>

<dd>
<b>2</b> - Press and drag to define a region of the image to magnify.</dd>

<dd>
<b>3</b> - Press and drag to choose from a select set of <b>display(1)</b>
commands. This button behaves differently if the image being displayed
is a visual image directory. Choose a particular tile of the directory
and press this button and drag to select a command from a pop-up menu.
Choose from these menu items:</dd>

<ul>
<li>
Open</li>

<li>
Next</li>

<li>
Former</li>

<li>
Delete</li>

<li>
Update</li>
</ul>
</dl>
If you choose <b>Open</b>, the image represented by the tile is displayed.
To return to the visual image directory, choose <b>Next</b> from the Command
widget (refer to <a href="#comm">Command Widget</a>).
<b>Next</b> and <b>Former</b>
moves to the next or former image respectively. Choose <b>Delete</b> to
delete a particular image tile. Finally, choose <b>Update</b> to synchronize
all the image tiles with their respective images. See
<a href="montage.html">montage</a>
and
<a href="miff.html">miff</a> for more details.</dl>
<a href="#top">Back to Contents</a>
<br>&nbsp;
<br>&nbsp;
<dl><a NAME="comm"></a>
<table BORDER=0 WIDTH="100%" >
<tr>
<td ALIGN=LEFT BGCOLOR="#52799E"><img SRC="../images/right_triangle.png" ALT=">" BORDER=0 height=14 width=15><b><font face="Helvetica, Arial"><font color="#FFFFFF"><font size=+1>Command
Widget</font></font></font></b></td>
</tr>
</table>

<dd>
The Command widget lists a number of sub-menus and commands. They are</dd>

<ul>
<li>
<b>File</b></li>

<ul>
<li>
Open...</li>

<li>
Next</li>

<li>
Former</li>

<li>
Select...</li>

<li>
Save...</li>

<li>
Print...</li>

<li>
Delete...</li>

<li>
Canvas...</li>

<li>
Visual Directory...</li>

<li>
Quit</li>
</ul>
</ul>

<ul>
<li>
<b>Edit</b></li>

<ul>
<li>
Undo</li>

<li>
Redo</li>

<li>
Cut</li>

<li>
Copy</li>

<li>
Paste</li>
</ul>
</ul>

<ul>
<li>
<b>View</b></li>

<ul>
<li>
Half Size</li>

<li>
Original Size</li>

<li>
Double Size</li>

<li>
Resize...</li>

<li>
Apply</li>

<li>
Refresh</li>

<li>
Restore</li>
</ul>
</ul>

<ul>
<li>
<b>Transform</b></li>

<ul>
<li>
Crop</li>

<li>
Chop</li>

<li>
Flop</li>

<li>
Flip</li>

<li>
Rotate Right</li>

<li>
Rotate Left</li>

<li>
Rotate...</li>

<li>
Shear...</li>

<li>
Roll...</li>

<li>
Trim Edges</li>
</ul>
</ul>

<ul>
<li>
<b>Enhance</b></li>

<ul>
<li>
Hue...</li>

<li>
Saturation...</li>

<li>
Brightness...</li>

<li>
Gamma...</li>

<li>
Spiff...</li>

<li>
Dull</li>

<li>
Equalize</li>

<li>
Normalize</li>

<li>
Negate</li>

<li>
GRAYscale</li>

<li>
Quantize...</li>
</ul>
</ul>

<ul>
<li>
<b>Effects</b></li>

<ul>
<li>
Despeckle</li>

<li>
Emboss</li>

<li>
Reduce Noise</li>

<li>
Add Noise</li>

<li>
Sharpen...</li>

<li>
Blur...</li>

<li>
Threshold...</li>

<li>
Edge Detect...</li>

<li>
Spread...</li>

<li>
Shade...</li>

<li>
Raise...</li>

<li>
Segment...</li>
</ul>
</ul>

<ul>
<li>
<b>F/X</b></li>

<ul>
<li>
Solarize...</li>

<li>
Swirl...</li>

<li>
Implode...</li>

<li>
Wave...</li>

<li>
Oil Painting...</li>

<li>
Charcoal Drawing</li>
</ul>
</ul>

<ul>
<li>
<b>Image Edit</b></li>

<ul>
<li>
Annotate...</li>

<li>
Draw...</li>

<li>
Color...</li>

<li>
Matte...</li>

<li>
Composite...</li>

<li>
Add Border...</li>

<li>
Add Frame...</li>

<li>
Comment...</li>

<li>
Launch...</li>

<li>
Region of Interest...</li>
</ul>
</ul>

<ul>
<li>
<b>Miscellany</b></li>

<ul>
<li>
Image Info</li>

<li>
Zoom Image</li>

<li>
Show Preview...</li>

<li>
Show Histogram</li>

<li>
Show Matte</li>

<li>
Background...</li>

<li>
Slide Show</li>

<li>
Preferences...</li>
</ul>
</ul>

<ul>
<li>
<b>Help</b></li>

<ul>
<li>
Overview</li>

<li>
Browse Documentation</li>

<li>
About Display</li>
</ul>
</ul>

<dd>
Menu items with a indented triangle have a sub-menu. They are represented
above as the indented items. To access a sub-menu item, move the pointer
to the appropriate menu and press button 1 and drag. When you find the
desired sub-menu item, release the button and the command is executed.
Move the pointer away from the sub-menu if you decide not to execute a
particular command.</dd>
</dl>
<a href="#top">Back to Contents</a>
<br>&nbsp;
<br>&nbsp;
<dl><a NAME="keyb"></a>
<table BORDER=0 WIDTH="100%" >
<tr>
<td ALIGN=LEFT BGCOLOR="#52799E"><img SRC="../images/right_triangle.png" ALT=">" BORDER=0 height=14 width=15><b><font face="Helvetica, Arial"><font color="#FFFFFF"><font size=+1>Keyboard
Accelerators</font></font></font></b></td>
</tr>
</table>

<dd>
Accelerators are one or two key presses that effect a particular command.
The keyboard accelerators that
<b>display</b> understands is:</dd>

<pre>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Ctl+O&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Press to <a href="#imlo">load</a> an image from a file.
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; space&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Press to display the next image.</pre>

<dd>
If the image is a multi-paged document such as a
<i>PostScript</i> document,
you can skip ahead several pages by proceeding this command with a number.
For example to display the fourth page beyond the current page, press <tt>4space</tt>.</dd>

<pre>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; backspace Press to display the former image.</pre>

<dd>
If the image is a multi-paged document such as a
<i>PostScript</i> document,
you can skip behind several pages by proceeding this command with a number.
For example to display the fourth page proceeding the current page, press
4n.</dd>

<pre>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Ctl-S&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Press to save the image to a file.
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Ctl-P&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Press to print the image to a <i>PostScript</i> printer.
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Ctl-D&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Press to delete an image file.
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Ctl-N&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Press to create a blank canvas.
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Ctl-Q&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Press to discard all images and exit program.
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Ctl+Z&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Press to undo last image transformation.
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Ctl+R&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Press to redo last image transformation.
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Ctl-X&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Press to <a href="#imcu">cut</a> a region of the image.
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Ctl-C&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Press to <a href="#imco">copy</a> a region of the image.
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Ctl-V&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Press to <a href="#impa">paste</a> a region to the image.
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &lt;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Press to half the image size.
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; .&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Press to return to the original image size.
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; >&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Press to double the image size.
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; %&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Press to resize the image to a width and height you specify.
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Cmd-A&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Press to make any image transformations permanent.
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; By default, any image size transformations are applied to
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; the original image to create the image displayed on the X
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; server.&nbsp; However, the transformations are not permanent
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (i.e. the original image does not change size only the X
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; image does).&nbsp; For example, if you press <tt>;gt</tt> the X
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; image will appear to double in size, but the original
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; image will in fact remain the same size.&nbsp; To force the
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; original image to double in size, press <tt>;gt</tt> followed
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; by <tt>Cmd-A</tt>.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; @&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Press to refresh the image window.
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; C&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Press to <a href="#imcr">crop</a> the image.
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Press to <a href="#imch">chop</a> the image.
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; H&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Press to flop image in the horizontal direction.
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; V&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Press to flip image in the vertical direction.
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; /&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Press to rotate the image 90 degrees clockwise.
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; \&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Press to rotate the image 90 degrees counter-clockwise.
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; *&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Press to <a href="#imro">rotate</a> the image the number of degrees you specify.
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; S&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Press to shear the image the number of degrees you specify.
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; R&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Press to roll the image.
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; T&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Press to trim the image edges.
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Shft-H&nbsp;&nbsp; Press to vary the color hue.
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Shft-S&nbsp;&nbsp; Press to vary the color saturation.
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Shft-L&nbsp;&nbsp; Press to vary the image brightness.
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Shft-G&nbsp;&nbsp; Press to gamma correct the image.
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Shft-C&nbsp;&nbsp; Press to spiff up the image contrast.
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Shft-Z&nbsp;&nbsp; Press to dull the image contrast.
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; =&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Press to perform histogram equalization on the image.
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Shft-N&nbsp;&nbsp; Press to perform histogram normalization on the image.
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Shft-~&nbsp;&nbsp; Press to negate the colors of the image.
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; .&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Press to convert the image colors to gray.
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Shft-#&nbsp;&nbsp; Press to set the maximum number of unique colors in the image.
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; F2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Press to reduce the speckles in an image.
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; F2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Press to emboss an image.
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; F4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Press to eliminate peak noise from an image.
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; F5&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Press to add noise to an image.
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; F6&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Press to sharpen an image.
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; F7&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Press to blur image an image.
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; F8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Press to threshold the image.
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; F9&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Press to detect edges within an image.
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; F10&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Press to displace pixels by a random amount.
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; F11&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Press to shade the image using a distant light source.
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; F12&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Press to lighten or darken image edges to create a 3-D effect.
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; F13&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Press to segment the image by color.
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Meta-S&nbsp;&nbsp; Press to swirl image pixels about the center.
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Meta-I&nbsp;&nbsp; Press to implode image pixels about the center.
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Meta-W&nbsp;&nbsp; Press to alter an image along a sine wave.
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Meta-P&nbsp;&nbsp; Press to simulate an oil painting.
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Meta-C&nbsp;&nbsp; Press to simulate a charcoal drawing.
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Alt-X&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Press to <a href="#imcomp">composite</a> the image with another.
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Alt-A&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Press to <a href="#iman">annotate</a> the image with text.
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Alt-D&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Press to <a href="#imdr">draw</a> a line on the image.
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Alt-P&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Press to <a href="#cole">edit an image pixel color</a>.
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Alt-M&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Press to <a href="#matt">edit the image matte</a> information.
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Alt-X&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Press to <a href="#imcomp">composite</a> the image with another.
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Alt-A&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Press to add a border to the image.
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Alt-F&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Press to add a ornamental frame to the image.
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Shft-!&nbsp;&nbsp; Press to add an image comment.
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Ctl-A&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Press to apply image processing techniques to a region of interest.
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Shft-?&nbsp;&nbsp; Press to display information about the image.
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Shft-+&nbsp;&nbsp; Press to map the zoom image window.
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Shft-P&nbsp;&nbsp; Press to preview an image enhancement, effect, or f/x.
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; F1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Press to display helpful information about display.
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Find&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Press to browse documentation about ImageMagick.
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1-9&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Press to change the level of magnification.</pre>

<dd>
Use the arrow keys to move the image one pixel up, down, left, or right
within the magnify window. Be sure to first map the magnify window by pressing
button 2.</dd>

<dd>
Press ALT and one of the arrow keys to trim off one pixel from any side
of the image.</dd>
</dl>
<a href="#top">Back to Contents</a>
<br>&nbsp;
<br>&nbsp;
<dl><a NAME="xres"></a>
<table BORDER=0 WIDTH="100%" >
<tr>
<td ALIGN=LEFT BGCOLOR="#52799E"><img SRC="../images/right_triangle.png" ALT=">" BORDER=0 height=14 width=15><b><font face="Helvetica, Arial"><font color="#FFFFFF"><font size=+1>X
Resources</font></font></font></b></td>
</tr>
</table>

<dd>
<b>Display</b> options can appear on the command line or in your X resource
file. Options on the command line supersede values specified in your X
resource file. See <i>X(1)</i> for more information on X resources.</dd>

<dd>
Most <b>display</b> options have a corresponding X resource. In addition,
<b>display</b>
uses the following X resources:</dd>

<dl>
<dl><b>background (class Background)</b>
<dd>
Specifies the preferred color to use for the Image window background. The
default is #ccc.</dd>
</dl>

<dl><b>borderColor (class BorderColor)</b>
<dd>
Specifies the preferred color to use for the Image window border. The default
is #ccc.</dd>
</dl>

<dl><b>borderWidth (class BorderWidth)</b>
<dd>
Specifies the width in pixels of the image window border. The default is
2.</dd>
</dl>

<dl><b>browseCommand (class browseCommand)</b>
<dd>
Specifies the name of the preferred browser when displaying ImageMagick
documentation. The default is <tt>netscape %s</tt>.</dd>
</dl>

<dl><b>confirmExit (class ConfirmExit)</b>
<dd>
<b>Display</b> pops up a dialog box to confirm exiting the program when
exiting the program. Set this resource to <tt>False</tt> to exit without
a confirmation.</dd>
</dl>

<dl><b>displayGamma (class DisplayGamma)</b>
<dd>
Specifies the gamma of the X server.</dd>

<dd>
You can apply separate gamma values to the red, green, and blue channels
of the image with a gamma value list delineated with slashes (i.e. 1.7/2.3/1.2).</dd>

<dd>
The default is 2.2.</dd>
</dl>

<dl><b>displayWarnings (class DisplayWarnings)</b>
<dd>
<b>Display</b> pops up a dialog box whenever a warning message occurs.
Set this resource to <tt>False</tt> to ignore warning messages.</dd>
</dl>

<dl><b>editorCommand (class editorCommand)</b>
<dd>
Specifies the name of the preferred editor when editing image comments.
The default is
<tt>xterm -title "Edit Image Comment" -e vi %s</tt>.</dd>
</dl>

<dl><b>font (class FontList)</b>
<dd>
Specifies the name of the preferred font to use in normal formatted text.
The default is 14 point Helvetica.</dd>
</dl>

<dl><b>font[1-9] (class Font[1-9])</b>
<dd>
Specifies the name of the preferred font to use when
<a href="#iman">annotating</a>
the image window with text. The default fonts are fixed, variable, 5x8,
6x10, 7x13bold, 8x13bold, 9x15bold, 10x20, and 12x24.</dd>
</dl>

<dl><b>foreground (class Foreground)</b>
<dd>
Specifies the preferred color to use for text within the image window.
The default is black.</dd>
</dl>

<dl><b>gammaCorrect (class gammaCorrect)</b>
<dd>
This resource, if true, will lighten or darken an image of known gamma
to match the gamma of the display (see resource <b>displayGamma</b>). The
default is True.</dd>
</dl>

<dl><b>geometry (class Geometry)</b>
<dd>
Specifies the preferred size and position of the image window. It is not
necessarily obeyed by all window managers.</dd>
</dl>

<dl><b>iconGeometry (class IconGeometry)</b>
<dd>
Specifies the preferred size and position of the application when iconified.
It is not necessarily obeyed by all window managers.</dd>
</dl>

<dl><b>iconic (class Iconic)</b>
<dd>
This resource indicates that you would prefer that the application's windows
initially not be visible as if the windows had be immediately iconified
by you. Window managers may choose not to honor the application's request.</dd>
</dl>

<dl><b>magnify (class Magnify)</b>
<dd>
specifies an integral factor by which the image should be enlarged. The
default is 3.</dd>

<dd>
This value only affects the magnification window which is invoked with
<a href="#mous">button</a>
number 3 after the image is displayed.</dd>
</dl>

<dl><b>matteColor (class MatteColor)</b>
<dd>
Specify the color of windows. It is used for the backgrounds of windows,
menus, and notices. A 3D effect is achieved by using highlight and shadow
colors derived from this color. Default value: #697B8F.</dd>
</dl>

<dl><b>name (class Name)</b>
<dd>
This resource specifies the name under which resources for the application
should be found. This resource is useful in shell aliases to distinguish
between invocations of an application, without resorting to creating links
to alter the executable file name. The default is the application name.</dd>
</dl>

<dl><b>pen[1-9] (class Pen[1-9])</b>
<dd>
Specifies the color of the preferred font to use when
<a href="#iman">annotating</a>
the image window with text. The default colors are black, blue, green,
cyan, gray, red, magenta, yellow, and white.</dd>
</dl>

<dl><b>printCommand (class PrintCommand)</b>
<dd>
This command is executed whenever Print is issued In general, it is the
command to print <i>PostScript</i> to your printer. Default value: <tt>lpr
-r %s</tt>.</dd>
</dl>

<dl><b>sharedMemory (class SharedMemory)</b>
<dd>
This resource specifies whether display should attempt use shared memory
for pixmaps. ImageMagick must be compiled with shared memory support, and
the display must support the MIT-SHM extension. Otherwise, this resource
is ignored. The default is True.</dd>
</dl>

<dl><b>textFont (class textFont)</b>
<dd>
Specifies the name of the preferred font to use in fixed (typewriter style)
formatted text. The default is 14 point Courier.</dd>
</dl>

<dl><b>title (class Title)</b>
<dd>
This resource specifies the title to be used for the image window. This
information is sometimes used by a window manager to provide a header identifying
the window. The default is the image file name.</dd>
</dl>

<dl><b>undoCache (class UndoCache)</b>
<dd>
Specifies, in mega-bytes, the amount of memory in the undo edit cache.
Each time you modify the image it is saved in the undo edit cache as long
as memory is available. You can subsequently <i>undo</i> one or more of
these transformations. The default is 16 mega-bytes.</dd>
</dl>

<dl><b>usePixmap (class UsePixmap)</b>
<dd>
Images are maintained as a XImage by default. Set this resource to True
to utilize a server Pixmap instead. This option is useful if your image
exceeds the dimensions of your server screen and you intend to pan the
image. Panning is much faster with Pixmaps than with a XImage. Pixmaps
are considered a precious resource, use them with discretion.</dd>
</dl>
</dl>

<dd>
To set the geometry of the Magnify or Pan or window, use the geometry resource.
For example, to set the Pan window geometry to 256x256, use:</dd>
</dl>

<dl>
<dl>
<dd>
display.pan.geometry: 256x256</dd>
</dl>
</dl>
<a href="#top">Back to Contents</a>
<br>&nbsp;
<br>&nbsp;
<dl><a NAME="imlo"></a>
<table BORDER=0 WIDTH="100%" >
<tr>
<td ALIGN=LEFT BGCOLOR="#52799E"><img SRC="../images/right_triangle.png" ALT=">" BORDER=0 height=14 width=15><b><font face="Helvetica, Arial"><font color="#FFFFFF"><font size=+1>Image
Loading</font></font></font></b></td>
</tr>
</table>

<dd>
To select an image to display, choose <b>Open</b> of the <b>File</b> sub-menu
from the <a href="#comm">Command widget</a>. A file browser is displayed.
To choose a particular image file, move the pointer to the filename and
press any button. The filename is copied to the text window. Next, press
<b>Open</b>
or press the <b>RETURN</b> key. Alternatively, you can type the image file
name directly into the text window. To descend directories, choose a directory
name and press the button twice quickly. A scrollbar allows a large list
of filenames to be moved through the viewing area if it exceeds the size
of the list area.</dd>

<dd>
You can trim the list of file names by using shell globbing characters.
For example, type <tt>*.jpg</tt> to list only files that end with <tt>.jpg</tt>.</dd>

<dd>
To select your image from the X server screen instead of from a file, Choose
<b>Grab</b>
of the <b>Open</b> widget.</dd>
</dl>
<a href="#top">Back to Contents</a>
<br>&nbsp;
<br>&nbsp;
<dl><a NAME="visu"></a>
<table BORDER=0 WIDTH="100%" >
<tr>
<td ALIGN=LEFT BGCOLOR="#52799E"><img SRC="../images/right_triangle.png" ALT=">" BORDER=0 height=14 width=15><b><font face="Helvetica, Arial"><font color="#FFFFFF"><font size=+1>Visual
Image Directory</font></font></font></b></td>
</tr>
</table>

<dd>
To create a Visual Image Directory, choose Visual Directory of the <b>File</b>
sub-menu from the <a href="#comm">Command widget</a> . A file browser is
displayed. To create a Visual Image Directory from all the images in the
current directory, press <b>Directory</b> or press the <b>RETURN key</b>.
Alternatively, you can select a set of image names by using shell globbing
characters. For example, type <tt>*.jpg</tt> to include only files that
end with <tt>.jpg</tt>. To descend directories, choose a directory name
and press the button twice quickly. A scrollbar allows a large list of
filenames to be moved through the viewing area if it exceeds the size of
the list area.</dd>

<dd>
After you select a set of files, they are turned into thumbnails and tiled
onto a single image. Now move the pointer to a particular thumbnail and
press <b>button 3</b> and drag. Finally, select Open. The image represented
by the thumbnail is displayed at its full size. Choose <b>Next</b> from
the <b>File</b> sub-menu of the Command widget to return to the Visual
Image Directory.</dd>
</dl>
<a href="#top">Back to Contents</a>
<br>&nbsp;
<br>&nbsp;
<dl><a NAME="imcu"></a>
<table BORDER=0 WIDTH="100%" >
<tr>
<td ALIGN=LEFT BGCOLOR="#52799E"><img SRC="../images/right_triangle.png" ALT=">" BORDER=0 height=14 width=15><b><font face="Helvetica, Arial"><font color="#FFFFFF"><font size=+1>Image
Cutting</font></font></font></b></td>
</tr>
</table>

<dd>
Note that cut information for image window is not retained for colormapped
X server visuals (e.g. <i>StaticColor</i>,
<i>StaticColor</i>, <i>GRAYScale</i>,
<i>PseudoColor</i>).
Correct cutting behavior may require a <i>TrueColor</i> or <i>DirectColor</i>
visual or a <i>Standard Colormap</i>.</dd>

<dd>
To begin, press choose <b>Cut</b> of the <b>Edit</b> sub-menu from the
<a href="#comm">Command
widget</a>. Alternatively, press
<b>F3</b> in the image window.</dd>

<dd>
A small window appears showing the location of the cursor in the image
window. You are now in cut mode. In cut mode, the Command widget has these
options:</dd>

<ul>
<li>
<b>Help</b></li>

<li>
<b>Dismiss</b></li>
</ul>

<dd>
To define a cut region, press button 1 and drag. The cut region is defined
by a highlighted rectangle that expands or contracts as it follows the
pointer. Once you are satisfied with the cut region, release the button.
You are now in rectify mode. In rectify mode, the Command widget has these
options:</dd>

<ul>
<li>
<b>Cut</b></li>

<li>
<b>Help</b></li>

<li>
<b>Dismiss</b></li>
</ul>

<dd>
You can make adjustments by moving the pointer to one of the cut rectangle
corners, pressing a button, and dragging. Finally, press Cut to commit
your copy region. To exit without cutting the image, press Dismiss.</dd>
</dl>
<a href="#top">Back to Contents</a>
<br>&nbsp;
<br>&nbsp;
<dl><a NAME="imco"></a>
<table BORDER=0 WIDTH="100%" >
<tr>
<td ALIGN=LEFT BGCOLOR="#52799E"><img SRC="../images/right_triangle.png" ALT=">" BORDER=0 height=14 width=15><b><font face="Helvetica, Arial"><font color="#FFFFFF"><font size=+1>Image
Copying</font></font></font></b></td>
</tr>
</table>

<dd>
To begin, press choose <b>Copy</b> of the <b>Edit</b> sub-menu from the
<a href="#comm">Command
widget</a>. Alternatively, press
<b>F4</b> in the image window.</dd>

<dd>
A small window appears showing the location of the cursor in the image
window. You are now in copy mode. In copy mode, the Command widget has
these options:</dd>

<ul>
<li>
Help</li>

<li>
Dismiss</li>
</ul>

<dd>
To define a copy region, press button 1 and drag. The copy region is defined
by a highlighted rectangle that expands or contracts as it follows the
pointer. Once you are satisfied with the copy region, release the button.
You are now in rectify mode. In rectify mode, the Command widget has these
options:</dd>

<ul>
<li>
Copy</li>

<li>
Help</li>

<li>
Dismiss</li>
</ul>

<dd>
You can make adjustments by moving the pointer to one of the copy rectangle
corners, pressing a button, and dragging. Finally, press Copy to commit
your copy region. To exit without copying the image, press Dismiss.</dd>
</dl>
<a href="#top">Back to Contents</a>
<br>&nbsp;
<br>&nbsp;
<dl><a NAME="impas"></a>
<table BORDER=0 WIDTH="100%" >
<tr>
<td ALIGN=LEFT BGCOLOR="#52799E"><img SRC="../images/right_triangle.png" ALT=">" BORDER=0 height=14 width=15><b><font face="Helvetica, Arial"><font color="#FFFFFF"><font size=+1>Image
Pasting</font></font></font></b></td>
</tr>
</table>

<dd>
To begin, press choose <b>Paste</b> of the <b>Edit</b> sub-menu from the
<a href="#comm">Command
widget</a>. Alternatively, press
<b>F5</b> in the image window.</dd>

<dd>
A small window appears showing the location of the cursor in the image
window. You are now in Paste mode. To exit immediately, press Dismiss.
In Paste mode, the Command widget has these options:</dd>

<ul>
<li>
<b>Operators</b></li>

<ul>
<li>
over</li>

<li>
in</li>

<li>
out</li>

<li>
atop</li>

<li>
xor</li>

<li>
plus</li>

<li>
minus</li>

<li>
add</li>

<li>
subtract</li>

<li>
difference</li>

<li>
bumpmap</li>

<li>
replace</li>
</ul>

<li>
<b>Help</b></li>

<li>
<b>Dismiss</b></li>
</ul>

<dd>
Choose a composite operation from the <b>Operators</b> sub-menu of the
<a href="#comm">Command
widget</a>. How each operator behaves is described below. <i>image window</i>
is the image currently displayed on your X server and <i>image</i> is the
image obtained with the File Browser widget.</dd>

<dl>
<dl><b>over</b>
<dd>
The result is the union of the two image shapes, with <i>image</i> obscuring
<i>image
window</i> in the region of overlap.</dd>
</dl>

<dl><b>in</b>
<dd>
The result is simply <i>image</i> cut by the shape of
<i>image window</i>.
None of the image data of image window is in the result.</dd>
</dl>

<dl><b>out</b>
<dd>
The resulting image is <i>image</i> with the shape of
<i>image window</i>
cut out.</dd>
</dl>

<dl><b>atop</b>
<dd>
The result is the same shape as <i>image window</i>, with
<i>image</i>
obscuring <i>image window</i> where the image shapes overlap. Note this
differs from over because the portion of image outside
<i>image window</i>'s
shape does not appear in the result.</dd>
</dl>

<dl><b>xor</b>
<dd>
The result is the image data from both <i>image</i> and
<i>image window</i>
that is outside the overlap region. The overlap region is blank.</dd>
</dl>

<dl><b>plus</b>
<dd>
The result is just the sum of the image data. Output values are cropped
to 255 (no overflow). This operation is independent of the matte channels.</dd>
</dl>

<dl><b>minus</b>
<dd>
The result of <i>image</i> - <i>image window</i>, with underflow cropped
to zero. The matte channel is ignored (set to 255, full coverage).</dd>
</dl>

<dl><b>add</b>
<dd>
The result of <i>image</i> + <i>image window</i>, with overflow wrapping
around (mod 256).</dd>
</dl>

<dl><b>subtract</b>
<dd>
The result of <i>image</i> - <i>image window</i>, with underflow wrapping
around (mod 256). The add and subtract operators can be used to perform
reversible transformations.</dd>
</dl>

<dl><b>difference</b>
<dd>
The result of abs(<i>image</i> - <i>image window</i>). This is useful for
comparing two very similar images.</dd>
</dl>

<dl><b>bumpmap</b>
<dd>
The result of <i>image window</i> shaded by <i>window</i>.</dd>
</dl>

<dl><b>replace</b>
<p>The resulting image is <i>image window</i> replaced with
<i>image</i>.
Here the matte information is ignored.</dl>
</dl>

<dd>
The image compositor requires a matte, or alpha channel in the image for
some operations. This extra channel usually defines a mask which represents
a sort of a cookie-cutter for the image. This is the case when matte is
255 (full coverage) for pixels inside the shape, zero outside, and between
zero and 255 on the boundary. If image does not have a matte channel, it
is initialized with 0 for any pixel matching in color to pixel location
(0,0), otherwise 255. See <a href="#matt">Matte Editing</a> for a method
of defining a matte channel.</dd>

<dd>
Note that matte information for image window is not retained for colormapped
X server visuals (e.g. <i>StaticColor, StaticColor, GrayScale, PseudoColor</i>).
Correct compositing behavior may require a
<i>TrueColor</i> or <i>DirectColor</i>
visual or a <i>Standard Colormap</i>.</dd>

<dd>
Choosing a composite operator is optional. The default operator is replace.
However, you must choose a location to composite your image and press button
1. Press and hold the button before releasing and an outline of the image
will appear to help you identify your location.</dd>

<dd>
The actual colors of the pasted image is saved. However, the color that
appears in image window may be different. For example, on a monochrome
screen image window will appear black or white even though your pasted
image may have many colors. If the image is saved to a file it is written
with the correct colors. To assure the correct colors are saved in the
final image, any <i>PseudoClass</i> image is promoted to <i>DirectClass</i>.
To force a
<i>PseudoClass</i> image to remain <i>PseudoClass</i>, use <b>-colors</b>.</dd>
</dl>
<a href="#top">Back to Contents</a>
<br>&nbsp;
<br>&nbsp;
<dl><a NAME="imcr"></a>
<table BORDER=0 WIDTH="100%" >
<tr>
<td ALIGN=LEFT BGCOLOR="#52799E"><img SRC="../images/right_triangle.png" ALT=">" BORDER=0 height=14 width=15><b><font face="Helvetica, Arial"><font color="#FFFFFF"><font size=+1>Image
Cropping</font></font></font></b></td>
</tr>
</table>

<dd>
To begin, press choose <b>Crop</b> of the <b>Transform</b> submenu from
the <a href="#comm">Command widget</a>. Alternatively, <a href="#keyb">press</a>
[ in the image window.</dd>

<br>&nbsp;
<p>&nbsp;
<p>A small window appears showing the location of the cursor in the image
window. You are now in crop mode. In crop mode, the Command widget has
these options:
<ul>
<li>
<b>Help</b></li>

<li>
<b>Dismiss</b></li>
</ul>

<dd>
To define a cropping region, press button 1 and drag. The cropping region
is defined by a highlighted rectangle that expands or contracts as it follows
the pointer. Once you are satisfied with the cropping region, release the
button. You are now in rectify mode. In rectify mode, the Command widget
has these options:</dd>

<ul>
<li>
<b>Crop</b></li>

<li>
<b>Help</b></li>

<li>
<b>Dismiss</b></li>
</ul>

<dd>
You can make adjustments by moving the pointer to one of the cropping rectangle
corners, pressing a button, and dragging. Finally, press Crop to commit
your cropping region. To exit without cropping the image, press Dismiss.</dd>
</dl>
<a href="#top">Back to Contents</a>
<br>&nbsp;
<br>&nbsp;
<dl><a NAME="imch"></a>
<table BORDER=0 WIDTH="100%" >
<tr>
<td ALIGN=LEFT BGCOLOR="#52799E"><img SRC="../images/right_triangle.png" ALT=">" BORDER=0 height=14 width=15><b><font face="Helvetica, Arial"><font color="#FFFFFF"><font size=+1>Image
Chopping</font></font></font></b></td>
</tr>
</table>

<dd>
An image is chopped interactively. There is no command line argument to
chop an image. To begin, choose <b>Chop</b> of the <b>Transform</b> sub-menu
from the <a href="#comm">Command widget</a>. Alternatively, <a href="#keyb">press</a>
] in the Image window.</dd>

<dd>
You are now in <b>Chop</b> mode. To exit immediately, press
<b>Dismiss</b>.
In Chop mode, the Command widget has these options:</dd>

<ul>
<li>
<b>Direction</b></li>

<ul>
<li>
horizontal</li>

<li>
vertical</li>
</ul>

<li>
<b>Help</b></li>

<li>
<b>Dismiss</b></li>
</ul>

<dd>
If the you choose the horizontal direction (this is the default), the area
of the image between the two horizontal endpoints of the chop line is removed.
Otherwise, the area of the image between the two vertical endpoints of
the chop line is removed.</dd>

<dd>
Select a location within the image window to begin your chop, press and
hold any button. Next, move the pointer to another location in the image.
As you move a line will connect the initial location and the pointer. When
you release the button, the area within the image to chop is determined
by which direction you choose from the Command widget.</dd>

<dd>
To cancel the image chopping, move the pointer back to the starting point
of the line and release the button.</dd>
</dl>
<a href="#top">Back to Contents</a>
<br>&nbsp;
<br>&nbsp;
<dl><a NAME="imro"></a>
<table BORDER=0 WIDTH="100%" >
<tr>
<td ALIGN=LEFT BGCOLOR="#52799E"><img SRC="../images/right_triangle.png" ALT=">" BORDER=0 height=14 width=15><b><font face="Helvetica, Arial"><font color="#FFFFFF"><font size=+1>Image
Rotation</font></font></font></b></td>
</tr>
</table>

<dd>
Press the / key to rotate the image 90 degrees or \ to rotate -90 degrees.
To interactively choose the degree of rotation, choose
<b>Rotate...</b>
of the <b>Transform</b> submenu from the <a href="#comm">Command Widget</a>.
Alternatively, <a href="#keyb">press</a> * in the image window.</dd>

<dd>
A small horizontal line is drawn next to the pointer. You are now in rotate
mode. To exit immediately, press Dismiss. In rotate mode, the Command widget
has these options:</dd>

<ul>
<li>
<b>Pixel Color</b></li>

<ul>
<li>
black</li>

<li>
blue</li>

<li>
cyan</li>

<li>
green</li>

<li>
gray</li>

<li>
red</li>

<li>
magenta</li>

<li>
yellow</li>

<li>
white</li>

<li>
Browser...</li>
</ul>

<li>
<b>Direction</b></li>

<ul>
<li>
horizontal</li>

<li>
vertical</li>
</ul>

<li>
<b>Crop</b></li>

<ul>
<li>
false</li>

<li>
true</li>
</ul>

<li>
<b>Sharpen</b></li>

<ul>
<li>
false</li>

<li>
true</li>
</ul>

<li>
<b>Help</b></li>

<li>
<b>Dismiss</b></li>
</ul>

<dd>
Choose a background color from the Pixel Color sub-menu. Additional background
colors can be specified with the color browser. You can change the menu
colors by setting the <a href="#xres">X resources</a> pen1 through pen9.</dd>

<dd>
If you choose the color browser and press <b>Grab</b>, you can select the
background color by moving the pointer to the desired color on the screen
and press any button.</dd>

<dd>
Choose a point in the image window and press this button and hold. Next,
move the pointer to another location in the image. As you move a line connects
the initial location and the pointer. When you release the button, the
degree of image rotation is determined by the slope of the line you just
drew. The slope is relative to the direction you choose from the Direction
sub-menu of the Command widget.</dd>

<dd>
To cancel the image rotation, move the pointer back to the starting point
of the line and release the button.</dd>
</dl>
<a href="#top">Back to Contents</a>
<br>&nbsp;
<br>&nbsp;
<dl><a NAME="segm"></a>
<table BORDER=0 WIDTH="100%" >
<tr>
<td ALIGN=LEFT BGCOLOR="#52799E"><img SRC="../images/right_triangle.png" ALT=">" BORDER=0 height=14 width=15><b><font face="Helvetica, Arial"><font color="#FFFFFF"><font size=+1>Image
Segmentation</font></font></font></b></td>
</tr>
</table>

<dd>
Choose <b>Effects->Segment</b> to segment an image by analyzing the histograms
of the color components and identifying units that are homogeneous with
the fuzzy c-means technique. The scale-space filter analyzes the histograms
of the three color components of the image and identifies a set of classes.
The extents of each class is used to coarsely segment the image with thresholding.
The color associated with each class is determined by the mean color of
all pixels within the extents of a particular class. Finally, any unclassified
pixels are assigned to the closest class with the fuzzy c-means technique.</dd>

<br>&nbsp;
<p>&nbsp;
<p>The fuzzy c-Means algorithm can be summarized as follows:
<ul>
<li>
Build a histogram, one for each color component of the image.</li>

<li>
For each histogram, successively apply the scale- space filter and build
an interval tree of zero crossings in the second derivative at each scale.
Analyze this scale-space ``fingerprint'' to determine which peaks or valleys
in the histogram are most predominant.</li>

<li>
The fingerprint defines intervals on the axis of the histogram. Each interval
contains either a minima or a maxima in the original signal. If each color
component lies within the maxima interval, that pixel is considered ``classified''
and is assigned an unique class number.</li>

<li>
Any pixel that fails to be classified in the above thresholding pass is
classified using the fuzzy c-Means technique. It is assigned to one of
the classes discovered in the histogram analysis phase.</li>
</ul>

<dd>
The fuzzy c-Means technique attempts to cluster a pixel by finding the
local minima of the generalized within group sum of squared error objective
function. A pixel is assigned to the closest class of which the fuzzy membership
has a maximum value.</dd>

<br>&nbsp;
<p>&nbsp;
<p>For additional information see:
<blockquote><i>Young Won Lim, Sang Uk Lee</i>, "<b>On The Color Image Segmentation
Algorithm Based on the Thresholding and the Fuzzy c-Means Techniques</b>",
Pattern Recognition, Volume 23, Number 9, pages 935-952, 1990.</blockquote>
</dl>
<i><a href="#top">Back to Contents</a></i>
<br>&nbsp;
<br>&nbsp;
<dl><a NAME="iman"></a>
<table BORDER=0 WIDTH="100%" >
<tr>
<td ALIGN=LEFT BGCOLOR="#52799E"><img SRC="../images/right_triangle.png" ALT=">" BORDER=0 height=14 width=15><b><font face="Helvetica, Arial"><font color="#FFFFFF"><font size=+1>Image
Annotation</font></font></font></b></td>
</tr>
</table>

<dd>
An image is annotated interactively. There is no command line argument
to annotate an image. To begin, choose
<b>Annotate</b> of the <b>Image
Edit</b> sub-menu from the <a href="#comm">Command widget</a>. Alternatively,
<a href="#keyb">press</a>
a in the image window.</dd>

<dd>
A small window appears showing the location of the cursor in the image
window. You are now in annotate mode. To exit immediately, press Dismiss.
In annotate mode, the Command widget has these options:</dd>

<ul>
<li>
<b>Font Name</b></li>

<ul>
<li>
fixed</li>

<li>
variable</li>

<li>
5x8</li>

<li>
6x10</li>

<li>
7x13bold</li>

<li>
8x13bold</li>

<li>
9x15bold</li>

<li>
10x20</li>

<li>
12x24</li>

<li>
Browser...</li>
</ul>

<li>
<b>Font Color</b></li>

<ul>
<li>
black</li>

<li>
blue</li>

<li>
cyan</li>

<li>
green</li>

<li>
gray</li>

<li>
red</li>

<li>
magenta</li>

<li>
yellow</li>

<li>
white</li>

<li>
transparent</li>

<li>
Browser...</li>
</ul>

<li>
<b>Box Color</b></li>

<ul>
<li>
black</li>

<li>
blue</li>

<li>
cyan</li>

<li>
green</li>

<li>
gray</li>

<li>
red</li>

<li>
magenta</li>

<li>
yellow</li>

<li>
white</li>

<li>
transparent</li>

<li>
Browser...</li>
</ul>

<li>
<b>Rotate Text</b></li>

<ul>
<li>
-90</li>

<li>
-45</li>

<li>
-30</li>

<li>
0</li>

<li>
30</li>

<li>
45</li>

<li>
90</li>

<li>
180</li>

<li>
Dialog...</li>
</ul>

<li>
<b>Help</b></li>

<li>
<b>Dismiss</b></li>
</ul>

<dd>
Choose a font name from the <b>Font Name</b> sub-menu. Additional font
names can be specified with the font browser. You can change the menu names
by setting the <a href="#xres">X resources</a> font1 through font9.</dd>

<dd>
Choose a font color from the <b>Font Color</b> sub-menu. Additional font
colors can be specified with the color browser. You can change the menu
colors by setting the <a href="#xres">X resources</a> pen1 through pen9.</dd>

<dd>
If you select the color browser and press <b>Grab</b>, you can choose the
font color by moving the pointer to the desired color on the screen and
press any button.</dd>

<dd>
If you choose to rotate the text, choose <b>Rotate Text</b> from the menu
and select an angle. Typically you will only want to rotate one line of
text at a time. Depending on the angle you choose, subsequent lines may
end up overwriting each other.</dd>

<dd>
Choosing a font and its color is optional. The default font is fixed and
the default color is black. However, you must choose a location to begin
entering text and press a button. An underscore character will appear at
the location of the pointer. The cursor changes to a pencil to indicate
you are in text mode. To exit immediately, press Dismiss.</dd>

<dd>
In text mode, any key presses will display the character at the location
of the underscore and advance the underscore cursor. Enter your text and
once completed press Apply to finish your image annotation. To correct
errors press <b>BACK SPACE</b>. To delete an entire line of text, press
<b>DELETE</b>.
Any text that exceeds the boundaries of the image window is automatically
continued onto the next line.</dd>

<dd>
The actual color you request for the font is saved in the image. However,
the color that appears in your Image window may be different. For example,
on a monochrome screen the text will appear black or white even if you
choose the color red as the font color. However, the image saved to a file
with <b>-write</b> is written with red lettering. To assure the correct
color text in the final image, any <i>PseudoClass</i> image is promoted
to <i>DirectClass</i> (see miff(5)). To force a <i>PseudoClass</i> image
to remain
<i>PseudoClass</i>, use <b>-colors</b>.</dd>
</dl>
<a href="#top">Back to Contents</a>
<br>&nbsp;
<br>&nbsp;
<dl><a NAME="imcomp"></a>
<table BORDER=0 WIDTH="100%" >
<tr>
<td ALIGN=LEFT BGCOLOR="#52799E"><img SRC="../images/right_triangle.png" ALT=">" BORDER=0 height=14 width=15><b><font face="Helvetica, Arial"><font color="#FFFFFF"><font size=+1>
Image Compositing</font></font></font></b></td>
</tr>
</table>

<dd>
An image composite is created interactively. <b>There is no command line
argument to composite an image</b>. To begin, choose <b>Composite</b> of
the <b>Image Edit</b> from the <a href="#comm">Command widget</a>. Alternatively,
<a href="#keyb">press</a>
x in the Image window.</dd>

<dd>
First a popup window is displayed requesting you to enter an image name.
Press <b>Composite</b>, <b>Grab</b> or type a file name. Press <b>Cancel</b>
if you choose not to create a composite image. When you choose <b>Grab</b>,
move the pointer to the desired window and press any button.</dd>

<br>&nbsp;
<p>&nbsp;
<p>If the <b>Composite</b> image does not have any matte information, you
are informed and the file browser is displayed again. Enter the name of
a mask image. The image is typically grayscale and the same size as the
composite image. If the image is not grayscale, it is converted to grayscale
and the resulting intensities are used as matte information.
<dd>
A small window appears showing the location of the cursor in the image
window. You are now in composite mode. To exit immediately, press Dismiss.
In composite mode, the Command widget has these options:</dd>

<ul>
<li>
<b>Operators</b></li>

<ul>
<li>
over</li>

<li>
in</li>

<li>
out</li>

<li>
atop</li>

<li>
xor</li>

<li>
plus</li>

<li>
minus</li>

<li>
add</li>

<li>
subtract</li>

<li>
difference</li>

<li>
bumpmap</li>

<li>
replace</li>
</ul>

<li>
<b>Blend</b></li>

<li>
<b>Displace</b></li>

<li>
<b>Help</b></li>

<li>
<b>Dismiss</b></li>
</ul>

<dd>
Choose a composite operation from the Operators sub-menu of the Command
widget. How each operator behaves is described below. image window is the
image currently displayed on your X server and image is the image obtained</dd>

<dl>
<dl><b>over</b>
<dd>
The result is the union of the two image shapes, with <i>image</i> obscuring
<i>image
window</i> in the region of overlap.</dd>
</dl>

<dl><b>in</b>
<dd>
The result is simply <i>image</i> cut by the shape of
<i>image window</i>.
None of the image data of image window is in the result.</dd>
</dl>

<dl><b>out</b>
<dd>
The resulting image is <i>image</i> with the shape of
<i>image window</i>
cut out.</dd>
</dl>

<dl><b>atop</b>
<dd>
The result is the same shape as <i>image window</i>, with
<i>image</i>
obscuring <i>image window</i> where the image shapes overlap. Note this
differs from over because the portion of image outside
<i>image window</i>'s
shape does not appear in the result.</dd>
</dl>

<dl><b>xor</b>
<dd>
The result is the image data from both <i>image</i> and
<i>image window</i>
that is outside the overlap region. The overlap region is blank.</dd>
</dl>

<dl><b>plus</b>
<dd>
The result is just the sum of the image data. Output values are cropped
to 255 (no overflow). This operation is independent of the matte channels.</dd>
</dl>

<dl><b>minus</b>
<dd>
The result of <i>image</i> - <i>image window</i>, with underflow cropped
to zero. The matte channel is ignored (set to 255, full coverage).</dd>
</dl>

<dl><b>add</b>
<dd>
The result of <i>image</i> + <i>image window</i>, with overflow wrapping
around (mod 256).</dd>
</dl>

<dl><b>subtract</b>
<dd>
The result of <i>image</i> - <i>image window</i>, with underflow wrapping
around (mod 256). The add and subtract operators can be used to perform
reversible transformations.</dd>
</dl>

<dl><b>difference</b>
<dd>
The result of abs(<i>image</i> - <i>image window</i>). This is useful for
comparing two very similar images.</dd>
</dl>

<dl><b>bumpmap</b>
<dd>
The result of <i>image window</i> shaded by <i>window</i>.</dd>
</dl>

<dl><b>replace</b>
<dd>
The resulting image is <i>image window</i> replaced with
<i>image</i>.
Here the matte information is ignored.</dd>
</dl>
</dl>

<dd>
The image compositor requires a matte, or alpha channel in the image for
some operations. This extra channel usually defines a mask which represents
a sort of a cookie-cutter for the image. This is the case when matte is
255 (full coverage) for pixels inside the shape, zero outside, and between
zero and 255 on the boundary. If image does not have a matte channel, it
is initialized with 0 for any pixel matching in color to pixel location
(0,0), otherwise 255. See <a href="#matt">Matte Editing</a> for a method
of defining a matte channel.</dd>

<dd>
If you choose <b>blend</b>, the composite operator becomes <b>over</b>.
The image matte channel percent transparency is initialized to factor.
The image window is initialized to (100-factor). Where factor is the value
you specify in the Dialog widget.</dd>

<dd>
<b>Displace</b> shifts the image pixels as defined by a displacement map.
With this option, <i>image</i> is used as a displacement map. Black, within
the displacement map, is a maximum positive displacement. White is a maximum
negative displacement and middle gray is neutral. The displacement is scaled
to determine the pixel shift. By default, the displacement applies in both
the horizontal and vertical directions. However, if you specify
<i>mask</i>,
<i>image</i>
is the horizontal X displacement and
<i>mask</i> the vertical Y displacement.</dd>

<dd>
Note that matte information for image window is not retained for colormapped
X server visuals (e.g.
<i>StaticColor, StaticColor, GrayScale, PseudoColor</i>).
Correct compositing behavior may require a <i>TrueColor</i> or
<i>DirectColor</i>
visual or a <i>Standard Colormap</i>.</dd>

<dd>
Choosing a composite operator is optional. The default operator is replace.
However, you must choose a location to composite your image and press button
1. Press and hold the button before releasing and an outline of the image
will appear to help you identify your location.</dd>

<dd>
The actual colors of the composite image is saved. However, the color that
appears in image window may be different. For example, on a monochrome
screen Image window will appear black or white even though your composited
image may have many colors. If the image is saved to a file it is written
with the correct colors. To assure the correct colors are saved in the
final image, any PseudoClass image is promoted to <i>DirectClass</i> (see
<a href="miff.html">miff</a>).
To force a <i>PseudoClass</i> image to remain <i>PseudoClass</i>, use <b>-colors</b>.</dd>
</dl>
<a href="#top">Back to Contents</a>
<br>&nbsp;
<br>&nbsp;
<dl><a NAME="cole"></a>
<table BORDER=0 WIDTH="100%" >
<tr>
<td ALIGN=LEFT BGCOLOR="#52799E"><img SRC="../images/right_triangle.png" ALT=">" BORDER=0 height=14 width=15><b><font face="Helvetica, Arial"><font color="#FFFFFF"><font size=+1>
Color Editing</font></font></font></b></td>
</tr>
</table>

<dd>
Changing the the color of a set of pixels is performed interactively. There
is no command line argument to edit a pixel. To begin, choose <b>Color</b>
from the <b>Image Edit</b> submenu of the <a href="#comm">Command widget</a>.
Alternatively, <a href="#keyb">press</a> c in the image window.</dd>

<dd>
A small window appears showing the location of the cursor in the image
window. You are now in color edit mode. To exit immediately, press <b>Dismiss</b>.
In color edit mode, the
<b>Command widget</b> has these options:</dd>

<ul>
<li>
<b>Method</b></li>

<ul>
<li>
point</li>

<li>
replace</li>

<li>
floodfill</li>

<li>
reset</li>
</ul>

<li>
<b>Pixel Color</b></li>

<ul>
<li>
black</li>

<li>
blue</li>

<li>
cyan</li>

<li>
green</li>

<li>
gray</li>

<li>
red</li>

<li>
magenta</li>

<li>
yellow</li>

<li>
white</li>

<li>
Browser...</li>
</ul>

<li>
<b>Border Color</b></li>

<ul>
<li>
black</li>

<li>
blue</li>

<li>
cyan</li>

<li>
green</li>

<li>
gray</li>

<li>
red</li>

<li>
magenta</li>

<li>
yellow</li>

<li>
white</li>

<li>
Browser...</li>
</ul>

<li>
<b>Fuzz</b></li>

<ul>
<li>
0</li>

<li>
2</li>

<li>
4</li>

<li>
8</li>

<li>
16 Dialog...</li>
</ul>

<li>
<b>Undo</b></li>

<li>
<b>Help</b></li>

<li>
<b>Dismiss</b></li>
</ul>
Choose a color editing method from the <b>Method</b> sub- menu of the <a href="#comm">Command
widget</a>. The <b>point method</b> recolors any pixel selected with the
pointer unless the button is released. The <b>replace method</b> recolors
any pixel that matches the color of the pixel you select with a button
press. <b>Floodfill</b> recolors any pixel that matches the color of the
pixel you select with a button press and is a neighbor. Whereas <b>filltoborder</b>
changes the matte value of any neighbor pixel that is not the border color.
Finally <b>reset</b> changes the entire image to the designated color.
<p>Next, choose a pixel color from the <b>Pixel Color</b> sub-menu. Additional
pixel colors can be specified with the color browser. You can change the
menu colors by setting the <a href="#xres">X resources</a> pen1 through
pen9.
<p>Now press button 1 to select a pixel within the Image window to change
its color. Additional pixels may be recolored as prescribed by the method
you choose. additional pixels by increasing the Delta value.
<p>If the <b>Magnify widget</b> is mapped, it can be helpful in positioning
your pointer within the image (refer to button 2). Alternatively you can
select a pixel to recolor from within the <b>Magnify widget</b>. Move the
pointer to the <b>Magnify widget</b> and position the pixel with the cursor
control keys. Finally, press a button to recolor the selected pixel (or
pixels).
<p>The actual color you request for the pixels is saved in the image. However,
the color that appears in your Image window may be different. For example,
on a monochrome screen the pixel will appear black or white even if you
choose the color red as the pixel color. However, the image saved to a
file with -write is written with red pixels. To assure the correct color
text in the final image, any <i>PseudoClass</i> image is promoted to <i>DirectClass</i>
To force a <i>PseudoClass</i> image to remain
<i>PseudoClass</i>, use <b>-colors</b>.</dl>
<a href="#top">Back to Contents</a>
<br>&nbsp;
<br>&nbsp;
<dl><a NAME="matt"></a>
<table BORDER=0 WIDTH="100%" >
<tr>
<td ALIGN=LEFT BGCOLOR="#52799E"><img SRC="../images/right_triangle.png" ALT=">" BORDER=0 height=14 width=15><b><font face="Helvetica, Arial"><font color="#FFFFFF"><font size=+1>Matte
Editing</font></font></font></b></td>
</tr>
</table>

<dd>
Matte information within an image is useful for some operations such as
image <a href="#imcomp">compositing</a>. This extra channel usually defines
a mask which represents a sort of a cookie-cutter for the image. This is
the case when matte is 255 (full coverage) for pixels inside the shape,
zero outside, and between zero and 255 on the boundary.</dd>

<dd>
Setting the matte information in an image is done interactively. There
is no command line argument to edit a pixel. To begin, and choose <b>Matte</b>
of the <b>Image Edit</b> sub-menu from the <a href="#comm">Command widget</a>.</dd>

<dd>
Alternatively, <a href="#keyb">press</a> m in the image window.</dd>

<dd>
A small window appears showing the location of the cursor in the image
window. You are now in matte edit mode. To exit immediately, press Dismiss.
In matte edit mode, the Command widget has these options:</dd>

<ul>
<li>
<b>Method</b></li>

<ul>
<li>
point</li>

<li>
replace</li>

<li>
floodfill</li>

<li>
reset</li>
</ul>

<li>
<b>Border Color</b></li>

<ul>
<li>
black</li>

<li>
blue</li>

<li>
cyan</li>

<li>
green</li>

<li>
gray</li>

<li>
red</li>

<li>
magenta</li>

<li>
yellow</li>

<li>
white</li>

<li>
Browser...</li>
</ul>

<li>
<b>Fuzz</b></li>

<ul>
<li>
0</li>

<li>
2</li>

<li>
4</li>

<li>
8</li>

<li>
16 Dialog...</li>
</ul>

<li>
<b>Matte</b></li>

<li>
<b>Undo</b></li>

<li>
<b>Help</b></li>

<li>
<b>Dismiss</b></li>
</ul>
Choose a matte editing method from the <b>Method</b> sub-menu of the <a href="#comm">Command
widget</a>. The <b>point method</b> changes the matte value of the any
pixel selected with the pointer until the button is released. The <b>replace
method</b> changes the matte value of any pixel that matches the color
of the pixel you select with a button press. <b>Floodfill</b> changes the
matte value of any pixel that matches the color of the pixel you select
with a button press and is a neighbor. Whereas
<b>filltoborder</b> recolors
any neighbor pixel that is not the border color. Finally <b>reset</b> changes
the entire image to the designated matte value.
<p>Choose <b>Matte Value</b> and a dialog appears requesting a matte value.
Enter a value between <b>0 and 255</b>. This value is assigned as the matte
value of the selected pixel or pixels.
<p>Now, press any button to select a pixel within the Image window to change
its matte value. You can change the matte value of additional pixels by
increasing the Delta value. The Delta value is first added then subtracted
from the red, green, and blue of the target color. Any pixels within the
range also have their matte value updated.
<p>If the <b>Magnify widget</b> is mapped, it can be helpful in positioning
your pointer within the image (refer to button 2). Alternatively you can
select a pixel to change the matte value from within the
<b>Magnify widget</b>.
Move the pointer to the <b>Magnify widget</b> and position the pixel with
the cursor control keys. Finally, press a button to change the matte value
of the selected pixel (or pixels).
<p>Matte information is only valid in a <i>DirectClass image</i>. Therefore,
any <i>PseudoClass</i> image is promoted to
<i>DirectClass</i>. Note that
matte information for <i>PseudoClass</i> is not retained for colormapped
X server visuals (e.g. <i>StaticColor, StaticColor, GrayScale, PseudoColor</i>)
unless you immediately save your image to a file (refer to Write). Correct
matte editing behavior may require a <i>TrueColor</i> or <i>DirectColor</i>
visual or a <i>Standard Colormap</i>.</dl>
<a href="#top">Back to Contents</a>
<br>&nbsp;
<br>&nbsp;
<dl><a NAME="imdr"></a>
<table BORDER=0 WIDTH="100%" >
<tr>
<td ALIGN=LEFT BGCOLOR="#52799E"><img SRC="../images/right_triangle.png" ALT=">" BORDER=0 height=14 width=15><b><font face="Helvetica, Arial"><font color="#FFFFFF"><font size=+1>Image
Drawing</font></font></font></b></td>
</tr>
</table>

<dd>
An image is drawn upon interactively. <b>There is no command line argument
to draw on an image</b>. To begin, choose <b>Draw</b> of the Image <b>Edit</b>
sub-menu from the <a href="#comm">Command widget</a> Alternatively, <a href="#keyb">press</a>
d in the image window.</dd>

<dd>
The cursor changes to a crosshair to indicate you are in draw mode. To
exit immediately, press Dismiss. In draw mode, the Command widget has these
options:</dd>

<ul>
<li>
<b>Primitive</b></li>

<ul>
<li>
point</li>

<li>
line</li>

<li>
rectangle</li>

<li>
fill rectangle</li>

<li>
circle</li>

<li>
fill circle</li>

<li>
ellipse</li>

<li>
fill ellipse</li>

<li>
polygon</li>

<li>
fill polygon</li>
</ul>

<li>
<b>Color</b></li>

<ul>
<li>
black</li>

<li>
blue</li>

<li>
cyan</li>

<li>
green</li>

<li>
gray</li>

<li>
red</li>

<li>
magenta</li>

<li>
yellow</li>

<li>
white</li>

<li>
transparent</li>

<li>
Browser...</li>
</ul>

<li>
<b>Stipple</b></li>

<ul>
<li>
Brick</li>

<li>
Diagonal</li>

<li>
Scales</li>

<li>
Vertical</li>

<li>
Wavy</li>

<li>
Translucent</li>

<li>
Opaque</li>

<li>
Open...</li>
</ul>

<li>
<b>Width</b></li>

<ul>
<li>
1</li>

<li>
2</li>

<li>
4</li>

<li>
8</li>

<li>
16 Dialog...</li>
</ul>

<li>
<b>Undo</b></li>

<li>
<b>Help</b></li>

<li>
<b>Dismiss</b></li>
</ul>
Choose a drawing primitive from the <b>Primitive</b> sub-menu.
<dd>
Next, choose a color from the <b>Color</b> sub-menu. Additional colors
can be specified with the color browser. You can change the menu colors
by setting the <a href="#xres">X resources</a> pen1 through pen9. The transparent
color updates the image matte channel and is useful for image compositing.</dd>

<dd>
If you choose the color browser and press <b>Grab</b>, you can select the
primitive color by moving the pointer to the desired color on the screen
and press any button. The transparent color updates the image matte channel
and is useful for image compositing.</dd>

<dd>
Choose a stipple, if appropriate, from the <b>Stipple</b> sub-menu. Additional
stipples can be specified with the file browser. Stipples obtained from
the file browser must be on disk in the X11 bitmap format.</dd>

<dd>
Choose a line width, if appropriate, from the <b>Width</b> sub-menu. To
choose a specific width select the <b>Dialog</b> widget.</dd>

<dd>
Choose a point in the image window and press button 1 and hold. Next, move
the pointer to another location in the image. As you move, a line connects
the initial location and the pointer. When you release the button, the
image is updated with the primitive you just drew. For polygons, the image
is updated when you press and release the button without moving the pointer.</dd>

<dd>
To cancel image drawing, move the pointer back to the starting point of
the line and release the button.</dd>
</dl>
<a href="#top">Back to Contents</a>
<br>&nbsp;
<br>&nbsp;
<dl><a NAME="regi"></a>
<table BORDER=0 WIDTH="100%" >
<tr>
<td ALIGN=LEFT BGCOLOR="#52799E"><img SRC="../images/right_triangle.png" ALT=">" BORDER=0 height=14 width=15><b><font face="Helvetica, Arial"><font color="#FFFFFF"><font size=+1>
Region of Interest</font></font></font></b></td>
</tr>
</table>

<dd>
To begin, press choose Region of Interest of the Pixel Transform sub-menu
from the <a href="#comm">Command widget</a>. Alternatively, <a href="#keyb">press</a>
R in the image window.</dd>

<dd>
A small window appears showing the location of the cursor in the image
window. You are now in region of interest mode. In region of interest mode,
the Command widget has these options:</dd>

<ul>
<li>
Help</li>

<li>
Dismiss</li>
</ul>

<dd>
To define a region of interest, press button 1 and drag. The region of
interest is defined by a highlighted rectangle that expands or contracts
as it follows the pointer. Once you are satisfied with the region of interest,
release the button. You are now in apply mode. In apply mode the Command
widget has these options:</dd>

<ul>
<li>
<b>File</b></li>

<ul>
<li>
Save...</li>

<li>
Print...</li>
</ul>

<li>
<b>Edit</b></li>

<ul>
<li>
Undo</li>

<li>
Redo</li>
</ul>

<li>
<b>Transform</b></li>

<ul>
<li>
Flip</li>

<li>
Flop</li>

<li>
Rotate Right</li>

<li>
Rotate Left</li>
</ul>

<li>
<b>Enhance</b></li>

<ul>
<li>
Hue...</li>

<li>
Saturation...</li>

<li>
Brightness...</li>

<li>
Gamma...</li>

<li>
Spiff</li>

<li>
Dull</li>

<li>
Equalize</li>

<li>
Normalize</li>

<li>
Negate</li>

<li>
GRAYscale</li>

<li>
Quantize...</li>
</ul>

<li>
<b>Effects</b></li>

<ul>
<li>
Despeckle</li>

<li>
Emboss</li>

<li>
Reduce Noise</li>

<li>
Add Noise</li>

<li>
Sharpen...</li>

<li>
Blur...</li>

<li>
Threshold...</li>

<li>
Edge Detect...</li>

<li>
Spread...</li>

<li>
Shade...</li>

<li>
Raise...</li>

<li>
Segment...</li>
</ul>
</ul>

<ul>
<li>
<b>F/X</b></li>

<ul>
<li>
Solarize...</li>

<li>
Swirl...</li>

<li>
Implode...</li>

<li>
Wave...</li>

<li>
Oil Painting</li>

<li>
Charcoal Drawing</li>
</ul>
</ul>

<ul>
<li>
<b>Miscellany</b></li>

<ul>
<li>
Image Info</li>

<li>
Zoom Image</li>

<li>
Show Preview...</li>

<li>
Show Histogram</li>

<li>
Show Matte</li>
</ul>

<li>
<b>Help</b></li>

<li>
<b>Dismiss</b></li>
</ul>

<dd>
You can make adjustments to the region of interest by moving the pointer
to one of the rectangle corners, pressing a button, and dragging. Finally,
choose an image processing technique from the Command widget. You can choose
more than one image processing technique to apply to an area. Alternatively,
you can move the region of interest before applying another image processing
technique. To exit, press Dismiss.</dd>
</dl>
<a href="#top">Back to Contents</a>
<br>&nbsp;
<br>&nbsp;
<dl><a NAME="impa"></a>
<table BORDER=0 WIDTH="100%" >
<tr>
<td ALIGN=LEFT BGCOLOR="#52799E"><img SRC="../images/right_triangle.png" ALT=">" BORDER=0 height=14 width=15><b><font face="Helvetica, Arial"><font color="#FFFFFF"><font size=+1>Image
Panning</font></font></font></b></td>
</tr>
</table>

<dd>
When an image exceeds the width or height of the X server screen, display
maps a small panning icon. The rectangle within the panning icon shows
the area that is currently displayed in the the image window. To pan about
the image, press any button and drag the pointer within the panning icon.
The pan rectangle moves with the pointer and the image window is updated
to reflect the location of the rectangle within the panning icon. When
you have selected the area of the image you wish to view, release the button.</dd>

<dd>
Use the arrow keys to pan the image one pixel up, down, left, or right
within the image window.</dd>

<dd>
The panning icon is withdrawn if the image becomes smaller than the dimensions
of the X server screen.</dd>
</dl>
<a href="#top">Back to Contents</a>
<br>&nbsp;
<br>&nbsp;
<dl><a NAME="pref"></a>
<table BORDER=0 WIDTH="100%" >
<tr>
<td ALIGN=LEFT BGCOLOR="#52799E"><img SRC="../images/right_triangle.png" ALT=">" BORDER=0 height=14 width=15><b><font face="Helvetica, Arial"><font color="#FFFFFF"><font size=+1>User
Preferences&nbsp;</font></font></font></b></td>
</tr>
</table>

<dd>
Preferences affect the default behavior of <b>display(1)</b>. The preferences
are either true or false and are stored in your home directory as
<tt>.displayrc</tt>:</dd>

<dl>
<dl>
<dt>
<b>display image centered on a backdrop</b></dt>

<dd>
This backdrop covers the entire workstation screen and is useful for hiding
other X window activity while viewing the image. The color of the backdrop
is specified as the background color. Refer to <a href="#xres">X Resources</a>
for details.</dd>
</dl>

<dl>
<dt>
<b>confirm on program exit</b></dt>

<dd>
Ask for a confirmation before exiting the <b>display(1)</b> program.</dd>
</dl>

<dl>
<dt>
<b>correct image for display gamma</b></dt>

<dd>
If the image has a known gamma, the gamma is corrected to match that of
the X server (see the <a href="#xres">X Resource</a><b>displayGamma</b>).</dd>
</dl>

<dl>
<dt>
<b>apply Floyd/Steinberg error diffusion to image</b></dt>

<dd>
The basic strategy of dithering is to trade intensity resolution for spatial
resolution by averaging the intensities of several neighboring pixels.
Images which suffer from severe contouring when reducing colors can be
improved with this preference.</dd>
</dl>

<dl>
<dt>
<b>use a shared colormap for colormapped X visuals</b></dt>

<dd>
This option only applies when the default X server visual is
<i>PseudoColor</i>
or <i>GRAYScale</i>. Refer to <b>-visual</b> for more details. By default,
a shared colormap is allocated. The image shares colors with other X clients.
Some image colors could be approximated, therefore your image may look
very different than intended. Otherwise the image colors appear exactly
as they are defined. However, other clients may go technicolor when the
image colormap is installed.</dd>
</dl>

<dl>
<dt>
<b>display images as an X server pixmap</b></dt>

<dd>
Images are maintained as a XImage by default. Set this resource to True
to utilize a server Pixmap instead. This option is useful if your image
exceeds the dimensions of your server screen and you intend to pan the
image. Panning is much faster with Pixmaps than with a XImage. Pixmaps
are considered a precious resource, use them with discretion.</dd>
</dl>
</dl>
</dl>
<a href="#top">Back to Contents</a>
<br>&nbsp;
<br>&nbsp;
<dl><a NAME="envi"></a>
<table BORDER=0 WIDTH="100%" >
<tr>
<td ALIGN=LEFT BGCOLOR="#52799E"><img SRC="../images/right_triangle.png" ALT=">" BORDER=0 height=14 width=15><b><font face="Helvetica, Arial"><font color="#FFFFFF"><font size=+1>Environment</font></font></font></b></td>
</tr>
</table>

<dl>&nbsp;
<table BORDER=0 WIDTH="65%" >
<tr>
<td ALIGN=LEFT BGCOLOR="#9EBAC6"><img SRC="../images/right_triangle_option.png" ALT=">" BORDER=0 height=14 width=15><b><font face="Helvetica, Arial"><font color="#FFFFFF"><font size=+1>DISPLAY</font></font></font></b></td>
</tr>
</table>

<dd>
To get the default host, display number, and screen.</dd>
</dl>
</dl>
<a href="#top">Back to Contents</a>
<br>&nbsp;
<br>&nbsp;
<dl><a NAME="ackn"></a>
<table BORDER=0 WIDTH="100%" >
<tr>
<td ALIGN=LEFT BGCOLOR="#52799E"><img SRC="../images/right_triangle.png" ALT=">" BORDER=0 height=14 width=15><b><font face="Helvetica, Arial"><font color="#FFFFFF"><font size=+1>Acknowledgements</font></font></font></b></td>
</tr>
</table>

<dd>
The <b>MIT X Consortium</b> for making network transparent graphics a reality.</dd>

<dd>
<i>Peder Langlo</i>, <b>Hewlett Packard</b>, Norway, made hundreds of suggestions
and bug reports. Without Peder, <b>ImageMagick</b> would not be nearly
as useful as it is today.</dd>

<dd>
<i>Rod Bogart</i> and <i>John W. Peterson</i>, <b>University of Utah</b>.
Image compositing is loosely based on rlecomp of the Utah Raster Toolkit.</dd>

<dd>
<i>Michael Halle</i>, <b>Spatial Imaging Group at MIT</b>, for the initial
implementation of Alan Paeth's image rotation algorithm.</dd>

<dd>
<i>David Pensak</i>, <b>ImageMagick Studio</b>, for providing a computing
environment that made this program possible.</dd>

<br>&nbsp;
<p>&nbsp;
<p><i>Paul Raveling</i>, <b>USC Information Sciences Institute</b>. The
spacial subdivision color reduction algorithm is based on his Img software.</dl>
<a href="#top">Back to Contents</a>
<br>&nbsp;
<br>&nbsp;
<dl><a NAME="auth"></a>
<table BORDER=0 WIDTH="100%" >
<tr>
<td ALIGN=LEFT BGCOLOR="#52799E"><img SRC="../images/right_triangle.png" ALT=">" BORDER=0 height=14 width=15><b><font face="Helvetica, Arial"><font color="#FFFFFF"><font size=+1>Authors</font></font></font></b></td>
</tr>
</table>

<dd>
<i>John Cristy</i>, <i><a href="mailto:magick@wizards.dupont.com">magick@wizards.dupont.com</a></i><b>
E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company Incorporated</b>.</dd>
</dl>
<a href="#top">Back to Contents</a>
<br>&nbsp;
<br>&nbsp;
<dl><a NAME="copy"></a>
<table BORDER=0 WIDTH="100%" >
<tr>
<td ALIGN=LEFT BGCOLOR="#52799E"><img SRC="../images/right_triangle.png" ALT=">" BORDER=0 height=14 width=15><b><font face="Helvetica, Arial"><font color="#FFFFFF"><font size=+1>Copyright</font></font></font></b></td>
</tr>
</table>

<dd>
<b>Copyright (C) 2000 ImageMagick Studio</b></dd>

<dd>
<b>Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
a copy of this software and associated documentation files ("ImageMagick"),
to deal in ImageMagick without restriction, including without limitation
the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense,
and/or sell copies of ImageMagick, and to permit persons to whom the ImageMagick
is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:</b></dd>

<dd>
<b>The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
in all copies or substantial portions of ImageMagick.</b></dd>

<dd>
<b>The software is provided "as is", without warranty of any kind, express
or implied, including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability,
fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement.In no event shall
ImageMagick Studio be liable for any claim, damages or other liability,
whether in an action of contract, tort or otherwise, arising from, out
of or in connection with ImageMagick or the use or other dealings in ImageMagick.</b></dd>

<dd>
<b>Except as contained in this notice, the name of the E. I. du Pont de
Nemours and Company shall not be used in advertising or otherwise to promote
the sale, use or other dealings in ImageMagick without prior written authorization
from the ImageMagick Studio.</b></dd>
</dl>
<a href="#top">Back to Contents</a>
<dl>
<hr>
<p><a href="../ImageMagick.html"><img SRC="../images/home.png" ALT="Home Page" BORDER=0 height=40 width=40 align=CENTER></a><font size=-2>&nbsp;&nbsp;
Image manipulation software that works like magic.</font></dl>

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