% arabdocg.tex %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\section [Coding examples for Persian]%
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{Coding examples for Persian%}
\footnote
{We gratefully acknowledge the voluntary help by Ivan Derzhanski who wrote
this chapter, {\em and\/} implemented the language-specific processing.
As we extensively modified his routines during system integration, all
responsibility for any remaining, or new, errors rests with us.}}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
                                                  \index{Derzhanski, Ivan}

\let < \oldbra

\setfarsi      % choose the language conventions
\fullvocalize  % all diacritics on
\transtrue     % additionally switch on the transliteration
\arabtrue      % print Arabic text ... is on anyway
\showtrue      % give also the input coding
\spreadfalse

\begin{description}

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\item [The short vowels {\it\ae\ (\u{a})}, {\it e (\u{\i})}, {\it o (\u{u})}]
are denoted by the lowercase letters \verb>a>, \verb>e> or \verb>i>,
\verb>o> or \verb>u>:
                                                  \index{.\harakat}
                                                  \index{vowels!short}

<bar>, <beh>, <bon>.

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\item [The long vowels {\it a (\=a)}, {\it i (\=\i, \=e)}, {\it u (\=u, \=o)}]
are denoted by the capital letters \verb>A>, \verb>I> or~\verb>E>,
\verb>U> or~\verb>O>.
{\it{\AE}lef m{\ae}dde} is automatically generated for
word-initial {\it a}:
                                                  \index{vowels!long}
                                                  \index{.\madda}

<Ab>, <bAd>, <bId>, <bUd>.

Note that \verb>I> yields a {\it ya-ye m\ae`ruf} (with~{\it zir\/}),
whilst \verb>E> yields a {\it ya-ye m{\ae}jhul} (without~{\it zir\/}).
Similarly, \verb>U> yields a {\it waw-e m\ae`ruf} (with~{\it pi\v{s}\/}),
whilst \verb>O> yields a {\it waw-e m{\ae}jhul} (without~{\it pi\v{s}\/}):
                                                  \index{.\zir}
                                                  \index{.\pish}

<tIr>, <tE.g>; <dUr>, <zOr>.

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\item [The diphthongs {\it\t{e}\i} and {\it\t{o}u}] 
are written \verb>ay>
and \verb>aw>:
                                                  \index{ay}
                                                  \index{aw}
                                                  \index{diphthongs}

<pay>, <naw>.

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\item [Intervocalic \it\d{h}{\ae}mze] 
is written \verb>'>:
                                                  \index{.\hamza}

<pA'Iz>;
%
<miyA'I>, <mIgU'I>;

<tawAnA'I>, <zanA^sU'I>.

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\item [Silent word-final \it waw] 
is generated by \verb>_U> or \verb>O>:
                                                  \index{_U}
                                                  \index{O}

<t_U>, <d_U>; <tO>, <dO>.

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\item [\it Waw-e m\ae`dul] 
is written \verb>w>;
it is omitted in the transliteration and
the preceding {\it xe} receives no {\it j{\ae}zm}:
                                                  \index{.\sukun}

<_hwAb>, <_hwI^s>, <_hwod>.

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\item [\it Ha-ye h{\ae}ww{\ae}z-e m{\ae}xfi] 
is generated by
\verb>H>, or optionally by \verb>,e>, \verb>,a> or \verb>,A>. 
It does not receive a {\it j{\ae}zm} even in
fully vocalised mode and is not joined to a following letter:
                                                  \index{H}
                                                  \index{,a}
                                                  \index{,e}
                                                  \index{,A}
                                                  \index{.\sukun}

<_hAneH>, <^c,e>, <naH>, \\
<yal_aH>, <yal,A>

%<_hAn,ehA>, <_hAn,e-hA>.
<_hAneHhA>, <_hAneH-hA>.

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\item [\it Short e\d{d}afe] 
is written \verb>-e> or \verb>-i>:
                                                  \index{.\izafet}

<ketAb-e U>, <rAh-e t_U>,

<nAmeH-i man>, \\
<bInI-e An mard>,

<pA-i In zan>, \\
<bAzU-i In zan>.

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\item [\it Long e\d{d}afe] 
is written \verb>-_i>:
                                                  \index{.\izafet}

<dAr-_i man>, <_hU-_i t_U>.

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\item [{\it\d{H}{\ae}mze} as 
{\it ya-ye w\ae\d{h}d{\ae}t/nesb{\ae}t/xe\d{t}ab}] 
is likewise written \verb>-_i>:
                                                  \index{.\hamza}

<nAmeH-_i>, <sormeH-_i>, \\
<gofteH-_i>.

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\item [\it Ye-ye w\ae\d{h}d{\ae}t] 
is written \verb>-I> or \verb>-E>:
                                                  \index{.\yahiwahdat}

<ketAb-I>, <rAh-I>, <nAmeH-I>;

<dAnA-I>, <pArU-I>;

<dAnA-I-keH>, <pArU-I-keH>.

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\item [The present tense forms of the verb {\it bud{\ae}n}] and the
pronominal clitics
are written as they are spoken:

<rafteH-am>, <rafteH-Im>,

<rafteH-I>, <rafteH-Id>,

<rafteH-ast>, <rafteH-and>;

<mard-Id>, <asb-etAn>;

<An^gA-st>, <U-st>, <t_U-st>;

<ketAb-I-st>, <nAmeH-I-st>.

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\item [The preposition \it be-] can be written with or without a
hyphen:
                                                  \index{be-}

<be-man>, <be-t_U>;

<be-An>, <be-In>, <beU>.

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\item [The components of compounds] can be separated by 
\verb>||> or \verb>"|>:
                                                  \index{compounds}

<.sA.heb||_hAneH>, \\
<ta_ht-e-"|_hwAb>;

<pas||andAz>, <naw||AmUz>, \\
<bI||_hwod>.

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\end{description}

\transfalse
\showfalse

\endinput
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